Professor Caroline Lloyd

2025

• Lloyd, C. and Payne, J. 2025. Trade unions and the digitalisation of admin work in public services: an international comparative analysis of the hospital sector. Economic and Industrial Democracy (10.1177/0143831X251355449)
• Lloyd, C. and Payne, J. 2025. Digitalisation, unions and ‘country-effect’: does union strength at the workplace matter?. Journal of Industrial Relations (10.1177/00221856251326682)

2023

• Lloyd, C. and Payne, J. 2023. Trade unions, digitalisation and country effects: a comparative study of banking in Norway and the UK. European Journal of Industrial Relations 29(4), pp. 325-345. (10.1177/09596801231188003)
• Lloyd, C. and Payne, J. 2023. Digital skills in context: Working with robots in lower-skilled jobs. Economic and Industrial Democracy 44(4), pp. 1084-1104. (10.1177/0143831X221111416)
• Lloyd, C. and Payne, J. 2023. Food for thought: Robots, jobs and skills in food and drink processing in Norway and the UK. New Technology, Work and Employment 38(2), pp. 272-290. (10.1111/ntwe.12194)
• Payne, J., Lloyd, C. and Jose, S. 2023. ‘They tell us after they’ve decided things’: a cross-country analysis of unions and digitalisation in retail. Industrial Relations Journal 54(1), pp. 3-19. (10.1111/irj.12390)

2022

• Lloyd, C., Payne, J. and Jose, S. 2022. Trade unions and digitalisation in Norway and the UK: Findings from the food and drink processing sector. UDIG: De Montfort University and Cardiff University.
• Lloyd, C., Payne, J. and Secki, J. 2022. Trade unions and digitalisation in Norway and the UK: Findings from the banking sector. UDIG: De Montfort and Cardiff Universities.

2021

• Lloyd, C. and Payne, J. 2021. Hard times in latte land? Analysing pay and working time in the café industry in France, Norway and the UK. Economic and Industrial Democracy 42(3), pp. 805-827. (10.1177/0143831X18809887)
• Lloyd, C. and Payne, J. 2021. Fewer jobs, better jobs? An international comparative study of robots and 'routine' work in the public sector. Industrial Relations Journal 52(2), pp. 109-124. (10.1111/irj.12323)

2020

• Buchanan, J., Froud, J., Lang, M., Lloyd, C., Smith, B. and Williams, K. 2020. Enabling renewal: further education and building better citizenship, occupations and business communities in Wales. Project Report. ColegauCyrmu/CollegesWales.

2019

• Lloyd, C. and Payne, J. 2019. Rethinking country effects: robotics, AI and work futures in Norway and the UK. New Technology, Work and Employment 34(3), pp. 208-225. (10.1111/ntwe.12149)

2018

• Brown, P., Lloyd, C. and Souto-Otero, M. 2018. The prospects for skills and employment in an age of digital disruption: A cautionary note. Project Report. [Online]. Oxford: Available at: http://www.skope.ox.ac.uk/?person=the-prospects-for-skills-and-employment-in-an-age-of-digital-disruption-a-cautionary-note
• Lloyd, C. and Payne, J. 2018. Licensed to skill? The impact of occupational regulation on fitness instructors. European Journal of Industrial Relations 24(1), pp. 91-108. (10.1177/0959680117701016)

2017

• Findlay, P., Warhurst, C., Keep, E. and Lloyd, C. 2017. Opportunity knocks? The possibilities and levers for improving job quality. Work and Occupations 44(1), pp. 3-22. (10.1177/0730888416689813)
• Ashton, D., Lloyd, C. and Warhurst, C. 2017. Business strategies and skill. In: Warhurst, C. et al. eds. Handbook of Skills and Training. Oxford University Press

2016

• Lloyd, C. and Payne, J. 2016. Skills in the age of over-qualification: comparing service sector work in Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199672356.001.0001)
• Lloyd, C. 2016. From low wage manufacturing industries to the low wage service sector. In: Manney, D. ed. Our Changing Landscape. Wales University Press, pp. 152-172.

2014

• Lloyd, C. and Payne, J. 2014. 'It's all hands-on, even for management': managerial work in the UK cafe sector. Human Relations 67(4), pp. 465-488. (10.1177/0018726713496297)

2013

• Lloyd, C., Dutton, E. and Warhurst, C. 2013. The weakest link? Product market strategies, skill and pay in the hotel industry. Work, Employment and Society 27(2), pp. 254-271. (10.1177/0950017012460310)
• Lloyd, C. and Payne, J. 2013. Changing job roles in the Norwegian and UK fitness industry: in search of national institutional effects. Work, Employment & Society 27(1), pp. 3-20. (10.1177/0950017012460325)
• Lloyd, C., Francoise, L. and Jonathan, P. 2013. Quel developpement professionnel continu pour les enseignants des matières professionnelles? L'exemple de la coiffure. Approche comparée Angleterre, Pays de Galles, France et Norvège. Revue Française de Pédagogie 184, pp. 55-68. (10.4000/rfp.4225)

2012

• Caroli, E., Gautie, J., Lloyd, C., Lamanthe, A. and James, S. 2012. Delivering flexibility: working time and contractual status in the food processing industry in France and the UK. British Journal of Industrial Relations 48(2), pp. 231-306.
• Lloyd, C. and Payne, J. 2012. Delivering better forms of work organization: comparing vocational teachers in England, Wales and Norway. Economic and Industrial Democracy 33(1), pp. 29-49. (10.1177/0143831X11402101)
• Lloyd, C. and Payne, J. 2012. Raising the quality of vocational teachers: continuing professional development in England, Wales and Norway. Research Papers in Education 27(1), pp. 1-18. (10.1080/02671522.2010.483524)

2010

• Lloyd, C. and Mayhew, K. 2010. Skill: the solution to low wage work?. Industrial Relations Journal 41(5), pp. 429-445. (10.1111/j.1468-2338.2010.00578.x)
• Lloyd, C. and Payne, J. 2010. 'We have got the freedom’: a study of autonomy and discretion among vocational teachers in Norway and the UK. Working paper. Cardiff: SKOPE, Cardiff University. Available at: http://www.skope.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/RP95.pdf
• Caroli, E., Gautié, J., Lloyd, C., Lamanthe, A. and James, S. 2010. Delivering flexibility: Contrasting patterns in the French and the UK food processing industry. British Journal of Industrial Relations 48(2), pp. 284-309. (10.1111/j.1467-8543.2010.00792.x)
• Grugulis, I. and Lloyd, C. 2010. Skill and the labour process: the conditions and consequences of change. In: Thompson, P. and Smith, C. eds. Working Life: Renewing Labour Process Analysis. Critical Perspectives on Work and Employment Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 91-112.
• Lloyd, C., Weinkopf, C. and Batt, R. 2010. Restructuring customer service: labor market institutions and call center workers in Europe and the United States. In: Gautié, J. and Schmitt, J. eds. Low-Wage Work in the Wealthy World. Russell Sage Foundation Case Studies of Job Quality in Advanced Economies New York: Russell Sage Foundation, pp. 421-466.
• Keep, E. J., Lloyd, C. and Payne, J. 2010. Skills policy and the displacement of industrial relations: the elephant in the corner?. In: Colling, T. and Terry, M. eds. Industrial Relations: Theory and Practice (3rd ed.). Chichester: Wiley, pp. 398-421.

2009

• Lloyd, C. 2009. Chutes and ladders - navigating the low-wage labor market - By Katherine S. Newman [Book review]. British Journal of Industrial Relations 47(4), pp. 803-805. (10.1111/j.1467-8543.2009.00753_9.x)
• Lloyd, C. and Payne, J. 2009. 'Full of sound and fury, signifying nothing': interrogating new skill concepts in service work - the view from two UK call centres. Work, Employment and Society 23(4), pp. 617-634. (10.1177/0950017009344863)
• Lloyd, C. and Payne, J. 2009. Better teachers? The role of training and development of vocational teachers in England, Wales and Norway. Presented at: Third International Conference on Training, Employability and Employment, Karlstad, Sweden, June 2009.
• Lloyd, C., Dutton, E. and Warhurst, C. 2009. Is there a ‘high road’ in the hotel industry?. Presented at: International Labour Process Conference, Edinburgh, UK, April 2009.

2008

• Lloyd, C. and James, S. 2008. Too much pressure? Retailer power and occupational health and safety in the food processing industry. Work Employment & Society 22(4), pp. 713-730. (10.1177/0950017008098366)
• Warhurst, C., Lloyd, C. and Dutton, E. 2008. The national minimum wage, low pay and the UK hotel industry: the case of room attendants. Sociology 42(6), pp. 1228-1236. (10.1177/0038038508096943)
• Keep, E. J., Lloyd, C. and Payne, J. 2008. Skills policy and the displacement of industrial relations. Working paper. Cardiff: SKOPE, Cardiff University. Available at: http://www.skope.ox.ac.uk/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Issues-Paper-17.pdf
• Lloyd, C. and Payne, J. 2008. What is a skilled job? Exploring worker perceptions of skill in two UK call centres. Working paper. Cardiff: SKOPE, Cardiff University. Available at: http://www.skope.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/SKOPEWP81.pdf
• Keep, E. J., Lloyd, C. and Payne, J. 2008. The elephant in the corner: skills policy and the demise of industrial relations. Presented at: British Universities Industrial Relations Conference, Bristol, UK, June 2008.
• Lloyd, C. and Payne, J. 2008. What is a “skilled job”? Exploring worker perceptions of skill in two UK call centres. Presented at: International Labour Process Conference (ILPC) conference, Dublin, Ireland, 18 - 20 March 2008.
• Lloyd, C. and Payne, J. 2008. Is call centre work skilled work? Exploring worker perceptions of skill in UK call centres. Presented at: International Labour Process Conference, Dublin, Ireland, March 2008.
• Dutton, E., Warhurst, C., Lloyd, C., James, S., Commander, J. and Nickson, D. 2008. “Just like the elves in Harry Potter”: room attendants in United Kingdom hotels. In: Lloyd, C., Mason, G. and Mayhew, K. eds. Low-Wage Work in the United Kingdom. Russell Sage Foundation Case Studies of Job Quality in Advanced Economies New York: Russell Sage Foundation, pp. 96-130.
• James, S. and Lloyd, C. A. 2008. Supply chain pressures and migrant workers: deteriorating job quality in the United Kingdom food-processing industry. In: Lloyd, C. A., Mason, G. and Mayhew, K. eds. Low-Wage Work in the United Kingdom. Russell Sage Foundation Case Studies of Job Quality in Advanced Economies New York: Russell Sage Foundation, pp. 211-246.
• Lloyd, C. 2008. Recruiting for fitness: qualifications and the challenges of an employer-led system. Journal of Education and Work 21(3), pp. 175-195. (10.1080/13639080802214019)
• Lloyd, C., Mason, G., Osborne, M. and Payne, J. 2008. “It’s just the nature of the job at the end of the day”: pay and job quality in United Kingdom mass-market call centers. In: Lloyd, C., Mason, G. and Mayhew, K. eds. Low-Wage Work in the United Kingdom. Russell Sage Foundation Case Studies of Job Quality in Advanced Economies New York: Russell Sage Foundation, pp. 247-283.
• Lloyd, C., Mason, G. and Mayhew, K. eds. 2008. Low-wage work in the United Kingdom. Russell Sage Foundation Case Studies of Job Quality in Advanced Economies. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
• Grimshaw, D., Lloyd, C. A. and Warhurst, C. 2008. Low-wage work in the United Kingdom: employment practices, institutional effects, and policy responses. In: Lloyd, C. A., Mason, G. and Mayhew, K. eds. Low-Wage Work in the United Kingdom. Russell Sage Foundation Case Studies of Job Quality in Advanced Economies New York: Russell Sage Foundation, pp. 284-326.

2007

• Lloyd, C. and Payne, J. 2007. A vision too far? Mapping the space for a high skills project in the UK. Journal of Education and Work 18(2), pp. 167-187. (10.1080/13639080500085893)

2006

• Lloyd, C. and Payne, J. 2006. The high skills project and the limits of possibility: a response to Coffield. Journal of Education Policy, 21(4), pp. 471-483. (10.1080/02680930600732169)
• Lloyd, C. and Payne, J. 2006. Goodbye to all that? A critical re-evaluation of the role of the high performance work organisation within the UK skills debate. Work, Employment and Society 20(1), pp. 151-165. (10.1177/0950017006061290)

2005

• Lloyd, C. 2005. The regulation of the fitness industry: training standards as a policy option?. Industrial Relations Journal 36(5), pp. 367-385. (10.1111/j.1468-2338.2005.00365.x)
• Lloyd, C. 2005. Competitive strategy and skills: working out the fit in the fitness industry. Human Resource Management Journal 15(2), pp. 15-34. (10.1111/j.1748-8583.2005.tb00144.x)

2003

• Lloyd, C. and Payne, J. 2003. The Political Economy of Skill and the Limits of Education Policy. Journal of Education Policy 18(1), pp. 85-107. (10.1080/0268093032000042227)
• Lloyd, C. and Payne, J. 2003. “Forget birth pains, we haven't got past the conception stage yet”. A reply to Frank Coffield's ‘Britain's continuing failure to train: the birth pangs of a new policy’. Journal of Education Policy 18(5), pp. 563-568. (10.1080/0268093032000124901)
• Lloyd, C. and Payne, J. 2003. What is the 'high skills society'? Some reflections on current academic and policy debates in the UK. Policy Studies 24, pp. 115-133. (10.1080/0144287032000171000)

2002

• Lloyd, C. and Payne, J. 2002. Developing a political economy of skill. Journal of Education and Work 15(4), pp. 365-390. (10.1080/1363908022000023533)
• Lloyd, C. and Payne, J. 2002. On the 'political economy of skill': assessing the possibilities for a viable high skills project in the United Kingdom. New Political Economy 7(3), pp. 367-395. (10.1080/1356346022000018739)
• Lloyd, C. 2002. Training and development deficiencies in 'high skill' sectors. Human Resource Management Journal 12(2), pp. 64-81. (10.1111/j.1748-8583.2002.tb00064.x)

2001

• Lloyd, C. 2001. What Do Employee Councils Do? The Impact of Non-Union Forms of Representation on Trade Union Organisation. Industrial Relations Journal 32(4), pp. 313-327. (10.1111/1468-2338.00201)
• Lloyd, C. and Newell, H. 2001. Capture and transfer: improving the performance of the pharmaceutical sales rep. International Journal of Human Resource Management 12(3), pp. 464-483. (10.1080/713769628)

1992

• Lloyd, C. 1992. Tailor-Made Occupations: A Study of Gender and Skill in the Welsh Clothing Industry. In: Day, G. and Rees, G. eds. Contemporary Wales: An Annual Review of Economic and Social Research., Vol. 5. Contemporary Wales Cardiff: University of Wales Press, pp. 115-129.

1989

• Lloyd, C. 1989. Restructuring in the West Midlands’ clothing industry. New Technology, Work and Employment 4(2), pp. 100-107. (10.1111/j.1468-005X.1989.tb00108.x)