Dr Clare Bennett

DNurs

2024

• Simpson, O., Bennett, C. L. and Whitcombe, S. W. 2024. Student nurse retention. Lived experience of mature female students on a UK Bachelor of Nursing (Adult) programme: An interpretative phenomenological analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing (10.1111/jan.16082)
• James, A. H., Kelly, D. and Bennett, C. L. 2024. Nursing tropes in turbulent times: Time to rethink nurse leadership?. Journal of Advanced Nursing 80(1), pp. 8-10. (10.1111/jan.15766)
• Edwards, D., Bennett, C. L. and Kelly, D. 2024. Interventions that improve HPV vaccination uptake and intention: an umbrella review summary. [Online]. HPV World: HPV World. Available at: https://www.hpvworld.com/articles/interventions-that-improve-hpv-vaccination-uptake-and-intention-an-umbrella-review-summary/

2023

• Bennett, C. et al. 2023. 'I wouldn't trust it..' Digital transformation of young people's sexual health services: A systems-informed qualitative enquiry. BMJ Public Health 2023(1), article number: e000259. (10.1136/bmjph-2023-000259)
• Fry, S. L., Kelly, D. M. and Bennett, C. 2023. Inclusive research: Repositioning the “hard to reach”. Journal of Advanced Nursing 79(8), pp. 2779-2781. (10.1111/jan.15555)
• Bennett, C. et al. 2023. The barriers and facilitators to young people's engagement with bidirectional digital sexual health interventions: A mixed methods systematic review. BMC Digital Health 1, article number: 30. (10.1186/s44247-023-00030-3)
• Bennett, C. et al. 2023. Crisis care for children and young people with mental health problems: national mapping, models of delivery, sustainability and experience (CAMH-Crisis2). A study protocol.. NIHR Open Research 3, article number: 22. (10.3310/nihropenres.13414.1)
• Hannigan, B. et al. 2023. Mental health crisis care for children and young people.
• Bennett, C., Cense, M., Monkel, J., Musa, M., Dunn, C. and Kelly, D. 2023. 'Sexual health is just physical': Mis/understandings and challenges in achieving Target 3.7.. Presented at: International Council of Nurses (ICN) Congress, Montreal, Canada, 1-5 July 2023.

2022

• Bennett, C. et al. 2022. Which interventions improve HPV vaccination uptake and intention in children, adolescents and young adults? An umbrella review. Sexually Transmitted Infections 98, pp. 599-607. (10.1136/sextrans-2022-055504)
• Bennett, C. L. and James, A. H. 2022. Chapter 7: leading change. In: Stanley, D., James, A. H. and Bennett, C. L. eds. Clinical Leadership in Nursing and Healthcare. London: Wiley, pp. 157-182., (10.1002/9781119869375.ch7)
• Bennett, C. L. and James, A. H. 2022. Chapter 8: patient safety and clinical decision making. In: Stanley, D., James, A. H. and Bennett, C. L. eds. Clinical Leadership in Nursing and Healthcare. Wiley: London, pp. 183-204., (10.1002/9781119869375.ch8)
• Bennett, C. L. and James, A. H. 2022. Chapter 16: quality improvement. In: Stanley, D., James, A. H. and Bennett, C. L. eds. Clinical Leadership in Nursing and Healthcare. Vol. 3rd Ed. London: Wiley, (10.1002/9781119869375.ch16)
• James, A. H. and Bennett, C. L. 2022. Chapter 10: leading teams. In: Stanley, D., James, A. H. and Bennett, C. L. eds. Clinical Leadership in Nursing and Healthcare. Vol. 3rd Ed. London: Wiley, pp. 227-244., (10.1002/9781119869375.ch10)
• James, A. H. and Bennett, C. L. 2022. Chapter 18: power, politics and leadership. In: Stanley, D., James, A. H. and Bennett, C. L. eds. Clinical Leadership in Nursing and Healthcare. Vol. 3rd Ed. London: Wiley, pp. 385-402., (10.1002/9781119869375.ch18)
• James, A. H. and Bennett, C. L. 2022. Chapter 19: from empowerment to emancipation – developing self leadership. In: Stanley, D., James, A. H. and Bennett, C. L. eds. Clinical Leadership in Nursing and Healthcare. Vol. 3rd Ed. London: Wiley, pp. 403-420., (10.1002/9781119869375.ch19)
• James, A. H. and Bennett, C. L. 2022. Chapter 20: leading through a crisis. In: Stanley, D., James, A. H. and Bennett, C. L. eds. Clinical Leadership in Nursing and Healthcare. Vol. 3rd Ed. London: Wiley, pp. 421-437., (10.1002/9781119869375.ch20)
• Bennett, C. L. and James, A. H. 2022. Chapter 5: leadership and management. In: Stanley, D., James, A. H. and Bennett, C. L. eds. Clinical Leadership in Nursing and Healthcare. Vol. 3rd Ed. London: Wiley, pp. 119-135., (10.1002/9781119869375.ch5)
• Stanley, D., Bennett, C. L. and James, A. H. eds. 2022. Clinical leadership in nursing and healthcare. London: Wiley. (10.1002/9781119869375)
• Godfrey, K., Bennett, C. and Harden, J. 2022. Delirium in the Intensive Care Unit: A survey of the knowledge, attitudes and practice of United Kingdom nurses and doctors. Presented at: Intensive Care Society State of the Art Congress, Belfast, 28 June - 1 July 2022.
• Bennett, C., Rebafka, A., Carrier, J., Cook, S. and Edwards, D. 2022. The impact of primary and recurrent genital herpes on the quality of life of young people and adults: a mixed methods systematic review. JBI Evidence Synthesis 20(6), pp. 1406-1473. (10.11124/JBIES-21-00057)
• Bennett, C., Carrier, J. and Edwards, D. 2022. The whole is greater than the sum of its parts: a mixed methods systematic review of quality of life and genital herpes. JBI Evidence Synthesis 20(6), pp. 1404-1405. (10.11124/JBIES-22-00134)
• Van der Doef, S., Bennett, C. and Lueks, A. 2022. Going beyond "The Talk". Jessica Kingsley.
• Edwards, D. et al. 2022. Improving HPV vaccine uptake in children, adolescents,and young adults - An umbrella review of interventions. Technical Report.
• Bennett, C. 2022. Sexual health and girls’ education. Presented at: Commonwealth Fellowship Programme (Phoenix Project), Cardiff University, UK, 13 April 2022.
• Kelly, D. and Bennett, C. 2022. Reducing HPV associated cancers, reasons for vaccine hesitancy and strategies to increase uptake - updates from a European project. Presented at: Healthcare Sciences Cancer Research Group, Cardiff University, UK, 19 March 2022.
• Edwards, D. et al. 2022. A rapid scoping review of harm reduction strategies for ecstasy (MDMA) users in recreational settings. [Online]. Research Square: Research Square. (10.21203/rs.3.rs-2178425/v1) Available at: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2178425/v1
• Smith, C., Bennett, C., Morgan, K., Carrier, J., Klugarová, J. and Klugar, M. 2022. Enhancing the clinical supervision experience of staff members working within primary and community care: a best practice implementation project. International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare 20(S1), pp. S23-S31. (10.1097/XEB.0000000000000317)
• Bennett, C. et al. 2022. Methodological challenges in making young people’s voices heard. Presented at: RCN International Nursing Research Conference, RCN, Cardiff, 06 September 2022.
• Bennett, C. 2022. Strategies to increase HPV vaccine uptake: An umbrella review. Presented at: The European Cancer Summit, Brussels, 17 November 2022.
• Bennett, C. L. 2022. Effects of genital herpes on well-being. [Online]. Joanna Briggs Institute. Available at: https://jbi.global/news/article?id=2777&utm_source=JBI+Buzz&utm_campaign=1f70ebd790-JBI-BUZZ-Nov-Dec-2020_COPY_01&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_9846591dba-1f70ebd790-141196153&mc_cid=1f70ebd790&mc_eid=d740bc336f

2021

• Smith, C., Bennett, C., Morgan, K., Carrier, J., Kugar, M. and Klugarova, J. 2021. Enhancing the practice of clinical supervision within primary and community care: a best practice implementation project. Presented at: 2021 JBI European Symposium and SPIDER Multiple Event, Virtual, 24 June 2021. Unidade de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde - Enfermagem da Escola Superior de Enfermagem de Coimbra pp. 63-64.
• James, A. H., Bennett, C. L., Blanchard, D. and Stanley, D. 2021. Nursing and values-based leadership: a literature review. Journal of Nursing Management 29(5), pp. 916-930. (10.1111/jonm.13273)
• Doef, S. v. d., Bennett, C. and Lueks, A. 2021. Can I have babies too? Sexuality and relationships education for children from infancy up to age 11. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.

2020

• Bennett, C. L. and Lillyman, S. 2020. Promoting health and wellbeing. Lantern.
• Bennett, C., Lillyman, S. and Whittingham, K. 2020. Enabling, mediating and advocating in health promotion.. In: Bennett, C. and Lillyman, S. eds. Promoting Health and Wellbeing. Essentials Banbury: Lantern Publishing Ltd., pp. 85-101.
• Bennett, C., James, A. and Kelly, D. 2020. Beyond tropes: Towards a new image of nursing in the wake of COVID-19. Journal of Clinical Nursing 29(15-16), pp. 2753-2755. (10.1111/jocn.15346)
• James, A. and Bennett, C. 2020. Effective nurse leadership in times of crisis. Nursing Management 27(4), pp. 32-40., article number: 10.7748/nm.2020.e1936. (10.7748/nm.2020.e1936)
• James, A. H., Bennett, C. and Stanley, D. 2020. How to maintain enthusiasm and demonstrate values-driven leadership in challenging times. Nursing Management
• Bennett, C. 2020. Normalisation vs dramatisation: Dutch and English parents’ experiences of discussing sexuality with their children’. Presented at: Bath Spa University’s Global Citizenship Programme, Bath University, 10th November 2020.

2019

• Bennett, C. and Harden, J. 2019. Sexuality as taboo: using IPA and a Foucauldian lens to explore fathers' practices in talking to their children about puberty, relationships and reproduction. Journal of Research in Nursing 24(1-2), pp. 22-33. (10.1177/1744987118818863)
• Bennett, C. 2019. Normalisation vs dramatisation: an interpretative phenomenological analysis of Dutch and English parents' experiences of discussing sexuality with their children. Presented at: ERASMUS Presentation for Rotterdam ERASMUS University, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 27 May 2019.
• Bennett, C. 2019. Perceptions of HPV risk and vaccination opportunity in a group of young people: a mixed methods study research proposal. Presented at: ERASMUS Presentation for Rotterdam ERASMUS University, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 27 May 2019.

2018

• Jones, L. and Bennett, C. 2018. Leadership for nursing, health and social care students. Lantern Press.
• Bennett, C. 2018. The perceptions and practices of Dutch and English fathers. Presented at: Sex Education Forum Members Event, London, UK, 4 July 2018.
• Bennett, C., Rebafka, A., Carrier, J., Edwards, D. and Jones, J. 2018. Health-related quality of life of young people and adults with primary or recurrent episodes of genital herpes: a mixed methods systematic review protocol. JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports 16(5), pp. 1087-1094. (10.11124/JBISRIR-2017-003478)
• Rebafka, A., Bennett, C., Jones, J., Carrier, J., Kugler, C. and Edwards, D. 2018. Lung transplant recipients’ experiences of and attitudes towards self-management: a qualitative systematic review protocol. JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports 16(4), pp. 831-837. (10.11124/JBISRIR-2017-003524)
• Bennett, C., Harden, J. and Anstey, S. 2018. Fathers as sexuality educators: Aspirations and realities. An interpretative phenomenological analysis.. Sex Education 18(1), pp. 74-89. (10.1080/14681811.2017.1390449)
• Bennett, C. 2018. Parental approaches to teaching children about puberty, relationships and reproduction in the Netherlands. Project Report. [Online]. Winston Churchill Memorial Trust. Available at: https://www.wcmt.org.uk/sites/default/files/report-documents/Bennett%20C%20Report%202017%20Final.pdf
• Bennett, C. 2018. Fathers as sexuality educators: cultural comparisons with the Netherlands.. Presented at: Sex Education Forum's Summer Members Event: Parents and RSE, London, England, 04 July 2018.

2017

• Bennett, C., Harden, J. and Anstey, S. 2017. The silencing effects of the childhood innocence ideal: the perceptions and practices of fathers in educating their children about sexuality. Sociology of Health and Illness 39(8), pp. 1365-1380. (10.1111/1467-9566.12591)

2016

• Bennett, C. 2016. Dads, kids and sexuality communication: an unlikely alliance with populations, health and growth?. Presented at: RCN International Centenary Conference, London, 22nd December 2016.
• Bennett, C. 2016. Discussing puberty, relationships and reproduction with children: the silencing effects of governmentality and biopower on Fathers' practices. Presented at: Foucault @ 90 International Conference, University of West of Scotland, 22-23rd June 2016.

2015

• Bennett, C. 2015. Sexual abstinence and young people: a subject worthy of consideration?. British Journal of School Nursing 10(4), pp. 176-180. (10.12968/bjsn.2015.10.4.176)
• Bennett, C. 2015. Talking to ten year olds about puberty, relationships and reproduction: an interpretative phenomenological analysis of fathers’ perceptions and practices.. , Cardiff University.
• Bennett, C. 2015. Talking to children about 'growing up' [judges' winner of the University of Worcester's images of research competition]. University of Worcester.
• Bennett, C. 2015. Skills enhancement in rural communities (SERC): a realist evaluation of Phase One.. Presented at: NET2015 Conference, Cambridge, 8 September 2015.
• Bennett, C., Farquharson, N., Preece, E., Bradley, E. and Perry, J. 2015. Skills Enhancement in Rural Communities (SERC): A synthesis of realist evaluations for Phase One and Phase Two. Unpublished report for Health Education West Midlands..
• Bennett, C. 2015. A realist evaluation of the pharmacist independent prescribing programmes delivered by Wolverhampton University, Aston University and the University of Worcester. Iinterim report: phase one [unpublished report for Health Education West Midlands]. Project Report. Health Education England.

2014

• Bennett, C. and Harden, J. 2014. An exploration of mothers' attitudes towards their daughters' menarche. Sex Education 14(4), pp. 457-470. (10.1080/14681811.2014.922862)
• Lillyman, S. and Bennett, C. 2014. Providing a positive learning experience for international students studying at UK universities: A literature review. Journal of Research in International Education 13(1), pp. 63-75. (10.1177/1475240914529859)
• Bennett, C., Farquharson, N., Preece, E., Bradley, E. and Perry, J. 2014. Skills Enhancement in Rural Communities (SERC): A realist evaluation of Phase One. Unpublished report for Health Education West Midlands..
• Bennett, C. 2014. Leadership and caring: a symbiotic relationship?. Presented at: RCN Local Learning Event, Black Country, Spring 2013.

2013

• Bennett, C., Perry, J., worth, L., Davies, J. and Preece, V. 2013. Supporting prison nurses: an action research approach to education. British Journal of Nursing 19(12), pp. 782-786. (10.12968/bjon.2010.19.12.48657)
• Bennett, C. L. 2013. Becoming sexual. A critical appraisal of the sexualization of girls. Sex Education 14(2), pp. 238-240. (10.1080/14681811.2013.841618)
• Bennett, C. 2013. The Francis report: speaking up and speaking out. Presented at: UHB Dignity and Compassion Conference, Birmingham City Football Ground, Sept 2013.
• Bennett, C. 2013. Giving nurse leaders a voice. Presented at: RCN Local Learning Event., Black Country, Spring 2013.
• Bennett, C. 2013. Leading for change. Presented at: RCN Local Learning Event, Black Country, UK, Spring 2013.
• Bennett, C. 2013. Leading for quality improvement. Presented at: RCN Local Learning Event, Black Country, UK, Spring 2013.
• Bennett, C. 2013. Engendering a culture of self leadership. Presented at: RCN Local Learning Event, Black Country, UK, Spring 2013.

2012

• Lloyd, R. and Bennett, C. 2012. Travellers' diarrhoea: causes, prevention and treatment. Nursing Standard 26(40), pp. 51-56. (10.7748/ns2012.06.26.40.51.c9137)
• Lillyman, S. and Bennett, C. 2012. Using storyboarding to gain appreciative reflection in the classroom. Reflective Practice 13(4), pp. 533-539. (10.1080/14623943.2012.670621)
• Jones, L. and Bennett, C. 2012. Leadership in health and social care: an introduction for emerging leaders. Banbury, UK: Lantern Press.
• Bennett, C. 2012. "The learner is not an empty vessel to be filled, but a flame to be ignited" the impact of a PBL poster assessment in igniting the flame. Presented at: RCN Regional Student Conference, University of Worcester, UK, 30 Mar 2012.

2011

• Bennett, C. 2011. Empowering students through the use of story boarding. In: Ghaye, T. and Lillyman, S. eds. Empowerment Through Reflection.. Quay Books, pp. n/a.
• Lillyman, S. and Bennett, C. 2011. "The internet and older people" an oral presentation for a European Research Project: E-Scouts. Presented at: E-Scouts, Barcelona, Spain, 24 Oct 2011.
• Bennett, C. 2011. A service evaluation of Worcestershire PCT provider services' team leader development programme [unpublished report for Worcestershire PCT provider services]. Project Report. University of Worcester.
• Bennett, C. 2011. Developing clinical leadership: the impact of an educational initiative on leadership skills and behaviour [unpublished report for Hereford Hospitals NHS Trust]. Project Report. University of Worcester, Worcester.

2010

• Brown, M. and Bennett, C. 2010. Motivational interviewing and concordance with antiretroviral therapy.. Nursing Standard 25(13), pp. 51-56. (10.7748/ns2010.12.25.13.51.c8122)
• Perry, J., Bennett, C. and Lapworth, T. 2010. Education and career opportunities for nurses in offender health care. Nursing Standard 24(43), pp. 35-39. (10.7748/ns2010.06.24.43.35.c7878)
• Muir, N. and Bennett, C. 2010. Prevention of unintentional injury in the community setting. Nursing Standard 24(42), pp. 50-56. (10.7748/ns.24.42.50.s50)
• Perry, J., Bennett, C. and Lapworth, T. 2010. Management of long-term conditions in a prison setting. Nursing Standard 24(42), pp. 35-40. (10.7748/ns2010.06.24.42.35.c7849)
• Lapworth, T., Bennett, C. and Perry, J. 2010. Assessment of acutely ill patients in the criminal justice system. Nursing Standard 24(41), pp. 35-41. (10.7748/ns2010.06.24.41.35.c7833)
• Bennett, C., Perry, J. and Lapworth, T. 2010. Leadership skills for nurses working in the criminal justice system. Nursing Standard 24(40), pp. 35-40. (10.7748/ns.24.40.35.s49)
• Perry, J., Bennett, C. and Lapworth, T. 2010. Nursing in prisons: developing the speciality of offender health care.. Nursing Standard 24(39), pp. 35-40. (10.7748/ns2010.06.24.39.35.c7817)
• Bennett, C. 2010. Developing leadership skills to enhance patient care. Presented at: Herefordshire Preceptorship Focus: Developing and Nurturing Preceptorship Practice Conference, Hereford, UK, Jul 2010.

2009

• Bennett, C., Perry, J. and Lawrence, Z. 2009. Promoting health in primary care. Nursing Standard 23(47), pp. 48-56. (10.7748/ns2009.07.23.47.48.c7200)
• Bennett, C. and Perry, J. 2009. A catalyst for change: a preliminary evaluation of an action research approach to education for prison nurses. Presented at: NET Conference, Cambridge, UK, Sep 2009.
• Perry, J., Woolliscrof, P. and Bennett, C. 2009. Primary care in Malta: evaluation of an innovative teaching project between the UK and Malta. Presented at: RCN Joint Education Forums 2nd International Conference, Glasgow, UK, May 2009.
• Perry, J. and Bennett, C. 2009. Diversity in nurse education: have we forgotten the prison nurses?. Presented at: RCN Joint Education Forums 2nd International Conference, Glasgow, UK, May 2009.
• Bennett, C. 2009. Delivering healthcare and promoting health in the prison population: the impact of an educational initiative on the knowledge, skills and attitudes of prison service nurses. A collaborative project between Worcestershire PCT and University of Worcester (January 2008 - January 2009). Project Report. University of Worcester.

2003

• Bennett, C. 2003. Nursing the breathless patient. Nursing Standard 17(17), pp. 45-51. (10.7748/ns2003.01.17.17.45.c3325)
• Bennett, C. 2003. Key to learning: your mentor and you. Nursing Standard 18(7), pp. 30-31.
• Bennett, C. 2003. On course for success. Nursing Standard 18(7), pp. 32-33.
• Bennett, C. 2003. Practice perfect. Nursing Standard 18(7), pp. 32-33.
• Bennett, C. L. 2003. How to be a good mentor. Nursing standard essential guide. Nursing Standard.
• Workman, B. and Bennett, C. 2003. Key nursing skills. London, UK: Whurr.

2002

• Mallik, M., Bennett, C. and Toulson, A. 2002. Nurse development.Tutor tonic. Health Service Journal 112(58), pp. 30-31.
• Bennett, C. 2002. A unique career. Nursing Standard 17(3), pp. 28-28. (10.7748/ns.17.3.28.s50)
• Bennett, C. 2002. Making the most of mentorship. Nursing Standard 17(3), pp. 29-29. (10.7748/ns.17.3.29.s51)
• Bennett, C. 2002. Take your places. Nursing Standard 17(3), pp. 30-30. (10.7748/ns.17.3.30.s53)
• Bennett, C. 2002. Bullying tactics. Nursing Standard 17(3), pp. 34-34. (10.7748/ns.17.3.34.s61)
• Bennett, C. and Mallik, M. 2002. The transition year: addressing the needs of newly qualified nurses. Presented at: The Royal College of Nursing Research Society's International Annual Nursing Research Conference, Exeter, UK, 7-10 Apr 2002.

2001

• Bennett, C. 2001. HIV and AIDS: an overview. Nursing Standard 15(24), pp. 45-52. (10.7748/ns2001.02.15.24.45.c2989)
• Bennett, C., Mallik, M. and Workman, B. 2001. Inspiring confidence in new nurses. Nursing Times 97(26 Feb), pp. 35-35.
• Bennett, C. and Workman, B. 2001. Supporting the transition year: educational and clinical partnerships in developing a work based learning programme. Presented at: Education: Partners in Practice - 3rd Royal College of Nursing Joint Education Forums' Conference, Eastbourne, UK, 15-17 Feb 2001.

2000

• O'Mahoney, D., Bennett, C., Green, A. and Sinclair, A. J. 2000. Reduced baroreflex sensitivity in elderly humans is not due to efferent autonomic dysfunction.. Clinical Science 98, pp. 103-110. (10.1042/cs0980103)

1999

• O'Leary, P., Collingham, K., Skidmore, S., King, J. and Bennett, C. 1999. Hepatic dysfunction in a population of antibody-deficient patients: Prevalence, aetiology and outcome of PCR screening for hepatitis C and G viruses. Vox Sanguinis 76(3), pp. 144-148. (10.1159/000031039)

1998

• Bennett, C. and Green, T. 1998. The role of the clinical nurse specialist in immunology: the UK experience. Presented at: European Society for Immunodeficiencies and the International Nursing Group for Immunodeficiencies, Rhodes, Greece, Oct 1998.
• Bennett, C. and Bell, M. 1998. The UK subcutaneous immunoglobulin register. Presented at: European Society for Immunodeficiencies and the International Nursing Group for Immunodeficiencies, Rhodes, Greece, Oct 1998.
• OâMahony, D. and Bennett, C. 1998. Flowpac assessment of static, non-graduated lower limb compression pressure in elderly patients with orthostatic hypotension. Presented at: British Geriatric Society, London, UK, 1998.

1997

• Bennett, C. and Weale, A. 1997. HIV and AIDS awareness: an evaluation of a short training programme for midwives. Journal of Advanced Nursing 26(2), pp. 273-282. (10.1046/j.1365-2648.1997.1997026273.x)
• Bennett, C. 1997. The role of nursing models in immunology. Presented at: RCN Special Interest Group in Immunology, London, UK, Sep 1997.

1996

• O'Leary, P. and Bennett, C. 1996. Hepatic dysfunction in a population of antibody-deficient Patients: Prevalence, Aetiology and Outcome of PCR Screening for Hepatitis C and G Viruses. Presented at: European Society for Immunodeficiencies and the International Nursing Group for Immunodeficiencies, Gothenburg, Sweden, Jun 1996.