![Sankar Meenakshisundaram](https://profiles-cardiff.imgix.net/attachments/1530?w=200&h=200&auto=format&crop=faces&fit=crop&q=90")
Dr Sankar Meenakshisundaram
- Ar gael fel goruchwyliwr ôl-raddedig
Timau a rolau for Sankar Meenakshisundaram
Uwch Ddarlithydd mewn Cemeg Gorfforol
Trosolwyg
Links
Research Groups: Physical Chemistry and Cardiff Catalysis Institute
Research Interests
- Developing strategies for the synthesis of supported monometallic and bimetallic nanoparticles based catalysts
- Catalyst development for CO2 utilization $acirc; synthesis of cyclic, dimethyl and poly carbonates.
- Catalyst development for renewable feedstock valorisation (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin)
- Mechanistic investigation of catalytic processes using kinetic and in-situ spectroscopic methods.
For more information, click on the 'Research' tab above.
Teaching
CH0001 Fundamental Aspects of Chemistry
Cyhoeddiad
2027
- Jovita, S. et al., 2027. Structure-activity enhancement of Ni/mesoporous aluminosilicate via microcrystalline cellulose biotemplating for hydrocarbon-rich deoxygenation of non-edible oil. Biomass and Bioenergy 216 109703. (10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109703)
2026
- Damayanti, N. et al., 2026. Temperature-controlled oxidation of Ti3C2Tx MXene toward fluorinated anatase TiO2 for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 191089. (10.1016/j.jallcom.2026.191089)
- Alsharif, H. et al. 2026. Ring opening hydrogenolysis of 5-hydroxymethyl furfural over supported bimetallic catalysts. Catalysis Science & Technology 16 (1), pp.280-292. (10.1039/d5cy01286d)
- Bueno, A. et al., 2026. Aerobic oxidation of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid over Au/Hydrotalcite catalyst r role of support and synthesis methodology on the activity and stability. Fuel: The Science and Technology of Fuel and Energy 403 136088. (10.1016/j.fuel.2025.136088)
2025
- Chawdhury, P. et al., 2025. Enhancing the reaction of CO2 and H2O using catalysts within a nonthermal plasma. ACS Catalysis 5 (9), pp.7053-7065. (10.1021/acscatal.5c00747)
2024
- Alsharif, H. et al. 2024. Controlling the nanoparticle size and shape of a Pt/TiO 2 catalyst for enhanced hydrogenation of furfural to furfuryl alcohol †. RSC Sustainability 2 (12), pp.3888-3896. (10.1039/d4su00388h)
- Ungerer, M. J. et al. 2024. Chem4Energy: a consortium of the Royal Society Africa Capacity-Building Initiative. Interface Focus 14 (4) 20240001. (10.1098/rsfs.2024.0001)
2023
- Ahmad, B. B. et al. 2023. Effect of alkali metal cations on the TiO2 P25 catalyst for hydrogen generation by the photoreforming of glycerol. ChemistrySelect 8 (48) e202304301. (10.1002/slct.202304301)
- Guadix-Montero, S. et al., 2023. Ruthenium ion catalysed C–C bond activation in lignin model compounds – towards lignin depolymerisation. Catalysis Science & Technology 13 , pp.5912-5923. (10.1039/d3cy00076a)
2022
- O'Neill, M. F. , Meenakshisundaram, S. and Hintermair, U. 2022. Sustainable synthesis of dimethyl- and diethyl carbonate from CO2 in batch and continuous flow─lessons from thermodynamics and the importance of catalyst stability. ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering 10 (16), pp.5243–5257. (10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c00291)
2021
- Živković, A. et al. 2021. Structural and electronic properties of Cu4O3 (paramelaconite): the role of native impurities. Pure and Applied Chemistry 93 (10), pp.1229-1244. (10.1515/pac-2021-0114)
- Nowicka, E. et al., 2021. Controlled reduction of aromaticity of alkylated polyaromatic compounds by selective oxidation using H2WO4, H3PO4 and H2O2: A route for upgrading heavy oil fractions. New Journal of Chemistry 45 (31), pp.13885-13892. (10.1039/D1NJ01986D)
- Mitchell, C. et al. 2021. The role of surface oxidation and Fe-Ni synergy in Fe-Ni-S catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation. Faraday Discussions 230 , pp.30-51. (10.1039/D0FD00137F)
- Guadix-Montero, S. et al. 2021. Controlling the selectivity of supported Ru nanoparticles during glycerol hydrogenolysis: C−O vs C−C cleavage. ChemCatChem 13 (6), pp.1595-1606. (10.1002/cctc.202001881)
- Mitchell, C. E. et al. 2021. A surface oxidised Fe-S catalyst for the liquid phase hydrogenation of CO2. Catalysis Science & Technology 11 , pp.779-784. (10.1039/D0CY01779E)
2020
- Allender, C. J. et al. 2020. The role of growth directors in controlling the morphology of hematite nanorods. Nanoscale Research Letters 15 161. (10.1186/s11671-020-03387-w)
- Abis, L. et al. 2020. The effect of polymer addition on base catalysed glycerol oxidation using gold and gold-palladium bimetallic catalysts. Topics in Catalysis 63 , pp.394-402. (10.1007/s11244-019-01212-y)
- Guadix-Montero, S. et al. 2020. Effect of support acidity during selective hydrogenolysis of glycerol over supported palladium-ruthenium catalysts. Philosophical Transactions A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 378 (2176) 20200055. (10.1098/rsta.2020.0055)
- Meenakshisundaram, S. et al. 2020. Role of the support in gold-containing nanoparticles as heterogeneous catalysts. Chemical Reviews 120 (8), pp.3890-3938. (10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00662)
- Rucinska, E. et al. 2020. Cinnamyl alcohol oxidation using supported bimetallic Au-Pd nanoparticles: An optimization of metal ratio and investigation of the deactivation mechanism under autoxidation conditions. Topics in Catalysis 63 , pp.99-112. (10.1007/s11244-020-01231-0)
- Liu, S. et al., 2020. Probing composition distributions in nanoalloy catalysts with correlative electron microscopy. Journal of Materials Chemistry A 8 , pp.15725-15733. (10.1039/D0TA00334D)
- Abis, L. et al. 2020. Plasmonic oxidation of glycerol using Au/TiO2 catalysts prepared by sol-immobilisation. Catalysis Letters 150 (1), pp.49-55. (10.1007/s10562-019-02952-y)
2019
- Venezia, B. et al., 2019. Slurry loop tubular membrane reactor for the catalysed aerobic oxidation of benzyl alcohol. Chemical Engineering Journal 378 122250. (10.1016/j.cej.2019.122250)
- Waldron, C. et al., 2019. Three step synthesis of benzylacetone and 4-(4-methoxyphenyl)butan-2-one in flow using micropacked bed reactors. Chemical Engineering Journal 377 119976. (10.1016/j.cej.2018.09.137)
- Macino, M. et al. 2019. Tuning of catalytic sites in Pt/TiO2 catalysts for chemoselective hydrogenation of 3-nitrostyrene. Nature Catalysis 2 , pp.873-881. (10.1038/s41929-019-0334-3)
- Abis, L. et al. 2019. Plasmonic oxidation of glycerol using AuPd/TiO2 catalysts. Catalysis Science and Technology 9 (20), pp.5686-5691. (10.1039/C9CY01409H)
- Mitchell, C. et al. 2019. Liquid phase hydrogenation of CO2 to formate using palladium and ruthenium nanoparticles supported on molybdenum carbide. New Journal of Chemistry 43 , pp.13985-13997. (10.1039/C9NJ02114K)
- Cattaneo, S. et al. 2019. Synthesis of highly uniform and composition-controlled gold-palladium supported nanoparticles in continuous flow. Nanoscale 17 , pp.8247-8259. (10.1039/C8NR09917K)
2018
- Qu, R. et al. 2018. Supported bimetallic AuPd nanoparticles as a catalyst for the selective hydrogenation of nitroarenes. Nanomaterials 8 (9) 690. (10.3390/nano8090690)
- Nowicka, E. et al. 2018. Mechanistic insights into selective oxidation of polyaromatic compounds using RICO chemistry. Chemistry - A European Journal 24 (47), pp.12359-12369. (10.1002/chem.201800423)
- Hao, C. et al., 2018. Synergistic effect of segregated Pd and Au nanoparticles on semiconducting SiC for efficient photocatalytic hydrogenation of nitroarenes. ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces 10 (27), pp.23029-23036. (10.1021/acsami.8b04044)
- Terranova, U. et al. 2018. Initial oxygen incorporation in the prismatic surfaces of troilite FeS. Journal of Physical Chemistry C 122 (24), pp.12810-12818. (10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b02774)
- Galvanin, F. et al., 2018. On the development of kinetic models for solvent-free benzyl alcohol oxidation over a gold-palladium catalyst. Chemical Engineering Journal 342 , pp.196-210. (10.1016/j.cej.2017.11.165)
- Guadix Montero, S. and Meenakshisundaram, S. 2018. Review on catalytic cleavage of C-C inter-unit linkages in lignin model compounds: Towards lignin depolymerisation. Topics in Catalysis 61 (3-4), pp.183-198. (10.1007/s11244-018-0909-2)
- Groves, C. , Meenakshisundaram, S. and Thomas, P. J. 2018. Second-generation biofuels: exploring imaginaries via deliberative workshops with farmers. Journal of Responsible Innovation 5 (2), pp.149-169. (10.1080/23299460.2017.1422926)
- Cattaneo, S. et al. 2018. Cinnamaldehyde hydrogenation using Au-Pd catalysts prepared by sol immobilisation. Catalysis Science and Technology 8 , pp.1677-1685. (10.1039/C7CY02556D)
- Gao, X. et al., 2018. Air pollution control for a green future. Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE A 19 (1), pp.1-4. (10.1631/jzus.A17EU001)
- Nowicka, E. and Meenakshisundaram, S. 2018. Designing Pd-based supported bimetallic catalysts for environmental applications. Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE A 19 (1), pp.5-20. (10.1631/jzus.A1700257)
2017
- Douthwaite, M. et al. 2017. The controlled catalytic oxidation of furfural to furoic acid using AuPd/Mg(OH)2. Catalysis Science & Technology 7 (22), pp.5284-5293. (10.1039/C7CY01025G)
- Al-Rifai, N. et al., 2017. Deactivation behaviour of supported gold palladium nanoalloy catalysts during the selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol in a micro-packed bed reactor. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 56 (45), pp.12984-12993. (10.1021/acs.iecr.7b01159)
- Guadix Montero, S. et al. 2017. Deactivation studies of bimetallic AuPd nanoparticles supported on MgO during selective aerobic oxidation of alcohols. Applied Catalysis A: General 546 , pp.58-66. (10.1016/j.apcata.2017.07.045)
- Abis, L. et al. 2017. Highly active gold and gold-palladium catalysts prepared by colloidal methods in the absence of polymer stabilizers. ChemCatChem 9 (15), pp.2914-2918. (10.1002/cctc.201700483)
- Morad, M. et al. 2017. Multifunctional supported bimetallic catalysts for a cascade reaction with hydrogen auto transfer: synthesis of 4-phenylbutan-2-ones from 4-methoxybenzyl alcohols. Catalysis Science & Technology 7 (9), pp.1928-1936. (10.1039/C7CY00184C)
2016
- Meenakshisundaram, S. et al. 2016. Supported bimetallic nano-alloys as highly active catalysts for the one-pot tandem synthesis of imines and secondary amines from nitrobenzene and alcohols. Catalysis Science and Technology 6 (14), pp.5473-5482. (10.1039/C6CY00425C)
- Al-Rifai, N. et al., 2016. Hydrodynamic effects on three phase micro-packed bed reactor performance – Gold–palladium catalysed benzyl alcohol oxidation. Chemical Engineering Science 149 , pp.129-142. (10.1016/j.ces.2016.03.018)
- Meenakshisundaram, S. 2016. Recent developments in tuning the structural and functional properties of supported bimetallic nanoalloy catalysts. In: O'Brien, P. and Thomas, P. J. eds. Nanoscience : Volume 3. Royal Society of Chemistry. , pp.154.
2015
- Liu, X. et al., 2015. Liquid phase oxidation of cyclohexane using bimetallic Au–Pd/MgO catalysts. Applied Catalysis A: General 504 , pp.373-380. (10.1016/j.apcata.2015.02.034)
- Luo, W. et al., 2015. High performing and stable supported nano-alloys for the catalytic hydrogenation of levulinic acid to γ-valerolactone. Nature Communications 6 , pp... 6540. (10.1038/ncomms7540)
- Nowicka, E. et al. 2015. Selective oxidation of alkyl-substituted polyaromatics using ruthenium-ion-catalyzed oxidation. Chemistry - A European Journal 21 (11), pp.4285-4293. (10.1002/chem.201405831)
- Nowicka, E. et al. 2015. Selective oxidation of alkyl-substituted polyaromatics using ruthenium-ion-catalyzed oxidation [Cover Profile]. Chemistry - A European Journal 21 (11), pp.4169. (10.1002/chem.201406658)
- Meenakshisundaram, S. et al. 2015. Supported imidazole as heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates from epoxides and CO2. Catalysis Communications 59 , pp.201-205. (10.1016/j.catcom.2014.10.026)
2014
- Morad, M. et al. 2014. Solvent-free aerobic oxidation of alcohols using supported gold palladium nanoalloys prepared by a modified impregnation method. Catalysis Science and Technology 4 (9), pp.3120-3128. (10.1039/c4cy00387j)
- Meenakshisundaram, S. et al. 2014. The benzaldehyde oxidation paradox explained by the interception of peroxy radical by benzyl alcohol. Nature Communications 5 , pp... 3332. (10.1038/ncomms4332)
- Beale, A. M. et al., 2014. Recent trends in operando and in situ characterization: techniques for rational design of catalysts. In: Wilson, K. and Lee, A. F. eds. Heterogeneous Catalysts for Clean Technology: Spectroscopy, Design, and Monitoring. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley. , pp.365-411. (10.1002/9783527658985.ch12)
- Kiely, C. et al. 2014. Assessing and controlling the size, morphology and composition of supported bimetallic catalyst nanoparticles. Microscopy and Microanalysis 20 (S3), pp.74-75. (10.1017/S1431927614002098)
2013
- Cao, E. et al., 2013. Selective suppression of disproportionation reaction in solvent-less benzyl alcohol oxidation catalysed by supported Au-Pd nanoparticles. Catalysis Today 203 , pp.146-152. (10.1016/j.cattod.2012.05.023)
- He, Q. et al. 2013. Switching-off toluene formation in the solvent-free oxidation of benzyl alcohol using supported trimetallic Au-Pd-Pt nanoparticles. Faraday Discussions 162 , pp.365-378. (10.1039/c2fd20153d)
- Moreno, I. et al. 2013. Selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol using in situ generated H2O2 over hierarchical Au-Pd titanium silicalite catalysts. Catalysis Science & Technology 3 (9), pp.2425-2434. (10.1039/c3cy00493g)
- Nowicka, E. et al. 2013. In situ spectroscopic investigation of oxidative dehydrogenation and disproportionation of benzyl alcohol. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 15 (29), pp.12147-12155. (10.1039/c3cp50710f)
- Paalanen, P. , Weckhuysen, B. M. and Meenakshisundaram, S. 2013. Progress in controlling the size, composition and nanostructure of supported gold-palladium nanoparticles for catalytic applications. Catalysis Science & Technology 3 (11), pp.2869-2880. (10.1039/c3cy00341h)
2012
- Meenakshisundaram, S. et al. 2012. Designing bimetallic catalysts for a green and sustainable future. Chemical Society Reviews 41 (24), pp.8099-8139. (10.1039/C2CS35296F)
- Ab Rahim, M. H. et al. 2012. Gold, palladium and gold-palladium supported nanoparticles for the synthesis of glycerol carbonate from glycerol and urea. Catalysis Science & Technology 2 (9), pp.1914-1924. (10.1039/C2CY20288C)
- Hall, S. R. et al., 2012. Biotemplated synthesis of catalytic Au-Pd nanoparticles. RSC Advances 2 (6), pp.2217-2220. (10.1039/c2ra01336c)
- Meenakshisundaram, S. et al. 2012. Synthesis of stable ligand-free gold-palladium nanoparticles using a simple excess anion method. ACS Nano 6 (8), pp.6600-6613. (10.1021/nn302299e)
2011
- Brett, G. L. et al. 2011. Selective oxidation of glycerol by highly active bimetallic catalysts at ambient temperature under base-free conditions. Angewandte Chemie. International Edition 50 (43), pp.10136-10139. (10.1002/anie.201101772)
- Meenakshisundaram, S. et al. 2011. Controlling the duality of the mechanism in liquid-phase oxidation of benzyl alcohol catalysed by supported Au-Pd nanoparticles. Chemistry - A European Journal 17 (23), pp.6524-6532. (10.1002/chem.201003484)
- Mantle, M. D. et al., 2011. Pulsed-field gradient NMR spectroscopic studies of alcohols in supported gold catalysts. Journal of Physical Chemistry C 115 (4), pp.1073-1079. (10.1021/jp105946q)
- Miedziak, P. J. et al. 2011. Oxidation of benzyl alcohol using supported gold-palladium nanoparticles. Catalysis Today 164 (1), pp.315-319. (10.1016/j.cattod.2010.10.028)
- Cao, E. et al., 2011. Reaction and Raman spectroscopic studies of alcohol oxidation on gold-palladium catalysts in microstructured reactors. Chemical Engineering Journal 167 (2-3), pp.734-743. (10.1016/j.cej.2010.08.082)
2010
- Myakonkaya, O. et al., 2010. Recycling nanocatalysts by tuning solvent quality. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 350 (2), pp.443-445. (10.1016/j.jcis.2010.06.064)
- Meenakshisundaram, S. , Satav, S. and Manikandan, P. 2010. Transesterification of cyclic carbonates to Dimethyl Carbonate using solid oxide catalyst at ambient conditions: environmentally benign synthesis. ChemSusChem 3 (5)(10.1002/cssc.201000038)
- Meenakshisundaram, S. et al. 2010. Oxidation of alcohols using supported gold and gold-palladium nanoparticles. Faraday Discussions 145 , pp.341-356. (10.1039/b908172k)
- Myakonkaya, O. et al., 2010. Recovery and reuse of nanoparticles by tuning solvent quality. Chemsuschem 3 (3), pp.339-341. (10.1002/cssc.200900280)
2009
- Meenakshisundaram, S. et al. 2009. Oxidation of Glycerol to Glycolate by using Supported Gold and Palladium Nanoparticles. Chemsuschem 2 (12), pp.1145-1151. (10.1002/cssc.200900133)
- Dimitratos, N. et al. 2009. Selective formation of lactate by oxidation of 1,2-propanediol using gold palladium alloy supported nanocrystals. Green Chemistry 11 (8), pp.1209-1216. (10.1039/b823285g)
- Pollington, S. D. et al., 2009. Enhanced selective glycerol oxidation in multiphase structured reactors. Catalysis Today 145 (1-2), pp.169-175. (10.1016/j.cattod.2008.04.020)
- Sofia, L. T. A. et al., 2009. Immobilization of phosphotungstic acid (PTA) on imidazole functionalized silica: evidence for the nature of PTA binding by solid state NMR and reaction studies. Journal of Physical Chemistry C 113 (50), pp.21114-21122. (10.1021/jp906108e)
2006
- Meenakshisundaram, S. et al. 2006. Transesterification of cyclic carbonates with methanol at ambient conditions over tungstate-based solid catalysts. Applied Catalysis A: General 312 , pp.108-114. (10.1016/j.apcata.2006.06.034)
2004
- James, J. et al., 2004. Preparation and properties of Ba2−xSrxSmTaO6 (x=0–2): a group of new perovskite materials. Materials Chemistry and Physics 83 (2-3), pp.328-333. (10.1016/j.matchemphys.2003.10.007)
- Meenakshisundaram, S. , Tarte, N. and Manikandan, P. 2004. Effective catalytic system of zinc-substituted polyoxometalate for cycloaddition of CO2 to epoxides. Applied Catalysis A: General 276 (1-2), pp.217-222. (10.1016/j.apcata.2004.08.008)
Adrannau llyfrau
- Meenakshisundaram, S. 2016. Recent developments in tuning the structural and functional properties of supported bimetallic nanoalloy catalysts. In: O'Brien, P. and Thomas, P. J. eds. Nanoscience : Volume 3. Royal Society of Chemistry. , pp.154.
- Beale, A. M. et al., 2014. Recent trends in operando and in situ characterization: techniques for rational design of catalysts. In: Wilson, K. and Lee, A. F. eds. Heterogeneous Catalysts for Clean Technology: Spectroscopy, Design, and Monitoring. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley. , pp.365-411. (10.1002/9783527658985.ch12)
Erthyglau
- Jovita, S. et al., 2027. Structure-activity enhancement of Ni/mesoporous aluminosilicate via microcrystalline cellulose biotemplating for hydrocarbon-rich deoxygenation of non-edible oil. Biomass and Bioenergy 216 109703. (10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109703)
- Damayanti, N. et al., 2026. Temperature-controlled oxidation of Ti3C2Tx MXene toward fluorinated anatase TiO2 for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 191089. (10.1016/j.jallcom.2026.191089)
- Alsharif, H. et al. 2026. Ring opening hydrogenolysis of 5-hydroxymethyl furfural over supported bimetallic catalysts. Catalysis Science & Technology 16 (1), pp.280-292. (10.1039/d5cy01286d)
- Bueno, A. et al., 2026. Aerobic oxidation of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid over Au/Hydrotalcite catalyst r role of support and synthesis methodology on the activity and stability. Fuel: The Science and Technology of Fuel and Energy 403 136088. (10.1016/j.fuel.2025.136088)
- Chawdhury, P. et al., 2025. Enhancing the reaction of CO2 and H2O using catalysts within a nonthermal plasma. ACS Catalysis 5 (9), pp.7053-7065. (10.1021/acscatal.5c00747)
- Alsharif, H. et al. 2024. Controlling the nanoparticle size and shape of a Pt/TiO 2 catalyst for enhanced hydrogenation of furfural to furfuryl alcohol †. RSC Sustainability 2 (12), pp.3888-3896. (10.1039/d4su00388h)
- Ungerer, M. J. et al. 2024. Chem4Energy: a consortium of the Royal Society Africa Capacity-Building Initiative. Interface Focus 14 (4) 20240001. (10.1098/rsfs.2024.0001)
- Ahmad, B. B. et al. 2023. Effect of alkali metal cations on the TiO2 P25 catalyst for hydrogen generation by the photoreforming of glycerol. ChemistrySelect 8 (48) e202304301. (10.1002/slct.202304301)
- Guadix-Montero, S. et al., 2023. Ruthenium ion catalysed C–C bond activation in lignin model compounds – towards lignin depolymerisation. Catalysis Science & Technology 13 , pp.5912-5923. (10.1039/d3cy00076a)
- O'Neill, M. F. , Meenakshisundaram, S. and Hintermair, U. 2022. Sustainable synthesis of dimethyl- and diethyl carbonate from CO2 in batch and continuous flow─lessons from thermodynamics and the importance of catalyst stability. ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering 10 (16), pp.5243–5257. (10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c00291)
- Živković, A. et al. 2021. Structural and electronic properties of Cu4O3 (paramelaconite): the role of native impurities. Pure and Applied Chemistry 93 (10), pp.1229-1244. (10.1515/pac-2021-0114)
- Nowicka, E. et al., 2021. Controlled reduction of aromaticity of alkylated polyaromatic compounds by selective oxidation using H2WO4, H3PO4 and H2O2: A route for upgrading heavy oil fractions. New Journal of Chemistry 45 (31), pp.13885-13892. (10.1039/D1NJ01986D)
- Mitchell, C. et al. 2021. The role of surface oxidation and Fe-Ni synergy in Fe-Ni-S catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation. Faraday Discussions 230 , pp.30-51. (10.1039/D0FD00137F)
- Guadix-Montero, S. et al. 2021. Controlling the selectivity of supported Ru nanoparticles during glycerol hydrogenolysis: C−O vs C−C cleavage. ChemCatChem 13 (6), pp.1595-1606. (10.1002/cctc.202001881)
- Mitchell, C. E. et al. 2021. A surface oxidised Fe-S catalyst for the liquid phase hydrogenation of CO2. Catalysis Science & Technology 11 , pp.779-784. (10.1039/D0CY01779E)
- Allender, C. J. et al. 2020. The role of growth directors in controlling the morphology of hematite nanorods. Nanoscale Research Letters 15 161. (10.1186/s11671-020-03387-w)
- Abis, L. et al. 2020. The effect of polymer addition on base catalysed glycerol oxidation using gold and gold-palladium bimetallic catalysts. Topics in Catalysis 63 , pp.394-402. (10.1007/s11244-019-01212-y)
- Guadix-Montero, S. et al. 2020. Effect of support acidity during selective hydrogenolysis of glycerol over supported palladium-ruthenium catalysts. Philosophical Transactions A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 378 (2176) 20200055. (10.1098/rsta.2020.0055)
- Meenakshisundaram, S. et al. 2020. Role of the support in gold-containing nanoparticles as heterogeneous catalysts. Chemical Reviews 120 (8), pp.3890-3938. (10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00662)
- Rucinska, E. et al. 2020. Cinnamyl alcohol oxidation using supported bimetallic Au-Pd nanoparticles: An optimization of metal ratio and investigation of the deactivation mechanism under autoxidation conditions. Topics in Catalysis 63 , pp.99-112. (10.1007/s11244-020-01231-0)
- Liu, S. et al., 2020. Probing composition distributions in nanoalloy catalysts with correlative electron microscopy. Journal of Materials Chemistry A 8 , pp.15725-15733. (10.1039/D0TA00334D)
- Abis, L. et al. 2020. Plasmonic oxidation of glycerol using Au/TiO2 catalysts prepared by sol-immobilisation. Catalysis Letters 150 (1), pp.49-55. (10.1007/s10562-019-02952-y)
- Venezia, B. et al., 2019. Slurry loop tubular membrane reactor for the catalysed aerobic oxidation of benzyl alcohol. Chemical Engineering Journal 378 122250. (10.1016/j.cej.2019.122250)
- Waldron, C. et al., 2019. Three step synthesis of benzylacetone and 4-(4-methoxyphenyl)butan-2-one in flow using micropacked bed reactors. Chemical Engineering Journal 377 119976. (10.1016/j.cej.2018.09.137)
- Macino, M. et al. 2019. Tuning of catalytic sites in Pt/TiO2 catalysts for chemoselective hydrogenation of 3-nitrostyrene. Nature Catalysis 2 , pp.873-881. (10.1038/s41929-019-0334-3)
- Abis, L. et al. 2019. Plasmonic oxidation of glycerol using AuPd/TiO2 catalysts. Catalysis Science and Technology 9 (20), pp.5686-5691. (10.1039/C9CY01409H)
- Mitchell, C. et al. 2019. Liquid phase hydrogenation of CO2 to formate using palladium and ruthenium nanoparticles supported on molybdenum carbide. New Journal of Chemistry 43 , pp.13985-13997. (10.1039/C9NJ02114K)
- Cattaneo, S. et al. 2019. Synthesis of highly uniform and composition-controlled gold-palladium supported nanoparticles in continuous flow. Nanoscale 17 , pp.8247-8259. (10.1039/C8NR09917K)
- Qu, R. et al. 2018. Supported bimetallic AuPd nanoparticles as a catalyst for the selective hydrogenation of nitroarenes. Nanomaterials 8 (9) 690. (10.3390/nano8090690)
- Nowicka, E. et al. 2018. Mechanistic insights into selective oxidation of polyaromatic compounds using RICO chemistry. Chemistry - A European Journal 24 (47), pp.12359-12369. (10.1002/chem.201800423)
- Hao, C. et al., 2018. Synergistic effect of segregated Pd and Au nanoparticles on semiconducting SiC for efficient photocatalytic hydrogenation of nitroarenes. ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces 10 (27), pp.23029-23036. (10.1021/acsami.8b04044)
- Terranova, U. et al. 2018. Initial oxygen incorporation in the prismatic surfaces of troilite FeS. Journal of Physical Chemistry C 122 (24), pp.12810-12818. (10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b02774)
- Galvanin, F. et al., 2018. On the development of kinetic models for solvent-free benzyl alcohol oxidation over a gold-palladium catalyst. Chemical Engineering Journal 342 , pp.196-210. (10.1016/j.cej.2017.11.165)
- Guadix Montero, S. and Meenakshisundaram, S. 2018. Review on catalytic cleavage of C-C inter-unit linkages in lignin model compounds: Towards lignin depolymerisation. Topics in Catalysis 61 (3-4), pp.183-198. (10.1007/s11244-018-0909-2)
- Groves, C. , Meenakshisundaram, S. and Thomas, P. J. 2018. Second-generation biofuels: exploring imaginaries via deliberative workshops with farmers. Journal of Responsible Innovation 5 (2), pp.149-169. (10.1080/23299460.2017.1422926)
- Cattaneo, S. et al. 2018. Cinnamaldehyde hydrogenation using Au-Pd catalysts prepared by sol immobilisation. Catalysis Science and Technology 8 , pp.1677-1685. (10.1039/C7CY02556D)
- Gao, X. et al., 2018. Air pollution control for a green future. Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE A 19 (1), pp.1-4. (10.1631/jzus.A17EU001)
- Nowicka, E. and Meenakshisundaram, S. 2018. Designing Pd-based supported bimetallic catalysts for environmental applications. Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE A 19 (1), pp.5-20. (10.1631/jzus.A1700257)
- Douthwaite, M. et al. 2017. The controlled catalytic oxidation of furfural to furoic acid using AuPd/Mg(OH)2. Catalysis Science & Technology 7 (22), pp.5284-5293. (10.1039/C7CY01025G)
- Al-Rifai, N. et al., 2017. Deactivation behaviour of supported gold palladium nanoalloy catalysts during the selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol in a micro-packed bed reactor. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 56 (45), pp.12984-12993. (10.1021/acs.iecr.7b01159)
- Guadix Montero, S. et al. 2017. Deactivation studies of bimetallic AuPd nanoparticles supported on MgO during selective aerobic oxidation of alcohols. Applied Catalysis A: General 546 , pp.58-66. (10.1016/j.apcata.2017.07.045)
- Abis, L. et al. 2017. Highly active gold and gold-palladium catalysts prepared by colloidal methods in the absence of polymer stabilizers. ChemCatChem 9 (15), pp.2914-2918. (10.1002/cctc.201700483)
- Morad, M. et al. 2017. Multifunctional supported bimetallic catalysts for a cascade reaction with hydrogen auto transfer: synthesis of 4-phenylbutan-2-ones from 4-methoxybenzyl alcohols. Catalysis Science & Technology 7 (9), pp.1928-1936. (10.1039/C7CY00184C)
- Meenakshisundaram, S. et al. 2016. Supported bimetallic nano-alloys as highly active catalysts for the one-pot tandem synthesis of imines and secondary amines from nitrobenzene and alcohols. Catalysis Science and Technology 6 (14), pp.5473-5482. (10.1039/C6CY00425C)
- Al-Rifai, N. et al., 2016. Hydrodynamic effects on three phase micro-packed bed reactor performance – Gold–palladium catalysed benzyl alcohol oxidation. Chemical Engineering Science 149 , pp.129-142. (10.1016/j.ces.2016.03.018)
- Liu, X. et al., 2015. Liquid phase oxidation of cyclohexane using bimetallic Au–Pd/MgO catalysts. Applied Catalysis A: General 504 , pp.373-380. (10.1016/j.apcata.2015.02.034)
- Luo, W. et al., 2015. High performing and stable supported nano-alloys for the catalytic hydrogenation of levulinic acid to γ-valerolactone. Nature Communications 6 , pp... 6540. (10.1038/ncomms7540)
- Nowicka, E. et al. 2015. Selective oxidation of alkyl-substituted polyaromatics using ruthenium-ion-catalyzed oxidation. Chemistry - A European Journal 21 (11), pp.4285-4293. (10.1002/chem.201405831)
- Nowicka, E. et al. 2015. Selective oxidation of alkyl-substituted polyaromatics using ruthenium-ion-catalyzed oxidation [Cover Profile]. Chemistry - A European Journal 21 (11), pp.4169. (10.1002/chem.201406658)
- Meenakshisundaram, S. et al. 2015. Supported imidazole as heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates from epoxides and CO2. Catalysis Communications 59 , pp.201-205. (10.1016/j.catcom.2014.10.026)
- Morad, M. et al. 2014. Solvent-free aerobic oxidation of alcohols using supported gold palladium nanoalloys prepared by a modified impregnation method. Catalysis Science and Technology 4 (9), pp.3120-3128. (10.1039/c4cy00387j)
- Meenakshisundaram, S. et al. 2014. The benzaldehyde oxidation paradox explained by the interception of peroxy radical by benzyl alcohol. Nature Communications 5 , pp... 3332. (10.1038/ncomms4332)
- Kiely, C. et al. 2014. Assessing and controlling the size, morphology and composition of supported bimetallic catalyst nanoparticles. Microscopy and Microanalysis 20 (S3), pp.74-75. (10.1017/S1431927614002098)
- Cao, E. et al., 2013. Selective suppression of disproportionation reaction in solvent-less benzyl alcohol oxidation catalysed by supported Au-Pd nanoparticles. Catalysis Today 203 , pp.146-152. (10.1016/j.cattod.2012.05.023)
- He, Q. et al. 2013. Switching-off toluene formation in the solvent-free oxidation of benzyl alcohol using supported trimetallic Au-Pd-Pt nanoparticles. Faraday Discussions 162 , pp.365-378. (10.1039/c2fd20153d)
- Moreno, I. et al. 2013. Selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol using in situ generated H2O2 over hierarchical Au-Pd titanium silicalite catalysts. Catalysis Science & Technology 3 (9), pp.2425-2434. (10.1039/c3cy00493g)
- Nowicka, E. et al. 2013. In situ spectroscopic investigation of oxidative dehydrogenation and disproportionation of benzyl alcohol. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 15 (29), pp.12147-12155. (10.1039/c3cp50710f)
- Paalanen, P. , Weckhuysen, B. M. and Meenakshisundaram, S. 2013. Progress in controlling the size, composition and nanostructure of supported gold-palladium nanoparticles for catalytic applications. Catalysis Science & Technology 3 (11), pp.2869-2880. (10.1039/c3cy00341h)
- Meenakshisundaram, S. et al. 2012. Designing bimetallic catalysts for a green and sustainable future. Chemical Society Reviews 41 (24), pp.8099-8139. (10.1039/C2CS35296F)
- Ab Rahim, M. H. et al. 2012. Gold, palladium and gold-palladium supported nanoparticles for the synthesis of glycerol carbonate from glycerol and urea. Catalysis Science & Technology 2 (9), pp.1914-1924. (10.1039/C2CY20288C)
- Hall, S. R. et al., 2012. Biotemplated synthesis of catalytic Au-Pd nanoparticles. RSC Advances 2 (6), pp.2217-2220. (10.1039/c2ra01336c)
- Meenakshisundaram, S. et al. 2012. Synthesis of stable ligand-free gold-palladium nanoparticles using a simple excess anion method. ACS Nano 6 (8), pp.6600-6613. (10.1021/nn302299e)
- Brett, G. L. et al. 2011. Selective oxidation of glycerol by highly active bimetallic catalysts at ambient temperature under base-free conditions. Angewandte Chemie. International Edition 50 (43), pp.10136-10139. (10.1002/anie.201101772)
- Meenakshisundaram, S. et al. 2011. Controlling the duality of the mechanism in liquid-phase oxidation of benzyl alcohol catalysed by supported Au-Pd nanoparticles. Chemistry - A European Journal 17 (23), pp.6524-6532. (10.1002/chem.201003484)
- Mantle, M. D. et al., 2011. Pulsed-field gradient NMR spectroscopic studies of alcohols in supported gold catalysts. Journal of Physical Chemistry C 115 (4), pp.1073-1079. (10.1021/jp105946q)
- Miedziak, P. J. et al. 2011. Oxidation of benzyl alcohol using supported gold-palladium nanoparticles. Catalysis Today 164 (1), pp.315-319. (10.1016/j.cattod.2010.10.028)
- Cao, E. et al., 2011. Reaction and Raman spectroscopic studies of alcohol oxidation on gold-palladium catalysts in microstructured reactors. Chemical Engineering Journal 167 (2-3), pp.734-743. (10.1016/j.cej.2010.08.082)
- Myakonkaya, O. et al., 2010. Recycling nanocatalysts by tuning solvent quality. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 350 (2), pp.443-445. (10.1016/j.jcis.2010.06.064)
- Meenakshisundaram, S. , Satav, S. and Manikandan, P. 2010. Transesterification of cyclic carbonates to Dimethyl Carbonate using solid oxide catalyst at ambient conditions: environmentally benign synthesis. ChemSusChem 3 (5)(10.1002/cssc.201000038)
- Meenakshisundaram, S. et al. 2010. Oxidation of alcohols using supported gold and gold-palladium nanoparticles. Faraday Discussions 145 , pp.341-356. (10.1039/b908172k)
- Myakonkaya, O. et al., 2010. Recovery and reuse of nanoparticles by tuning solvent quality. Chemsuschem 3 (3), pp.339-341. (10.1002/cssc.200900280)
- Meenakshisundaram, S. et al. 2009. Oxidation of Glycerol to Glycolate by using Supported Gold and Palladium Nanoparticles. Chemsuschem 2 (12), pp.1145-1151. (10.1002/cssc.200900133)
- Dimitratos, N. et al. 2009. Selective formation of lactate by oxidation of 1,2-propanediol using gold palladium alloy supported nanocrystals. Green Chemistry 11 (8), pp.1209-1216. (10.1039/b823285g)
- Pollington, S. D. et al., 2009. Enhanced selective glycerol oxidation in multiphase structured reactors. Catalysis Today 145 (1-2), pp.169-175. (10.1016/j.cattod.2008.04.020)
- Sofia, L. T. A. et al., 2009. Immobilization of phosphotungstic acid (PTA) on imidazole functionalized silica: evidence for the nature of PTA binding by solid state NMR and reaction studies. Journal of Physical Chemistry C 113 (50), pp.21114-21122. (10.1021/jp906108e)
- Meenakshisundaram, S. et al. 2006. Transesterification of cyclic carbonates with methanol at ambient conditions over tungstate-based solid catalysts. Applied Catalysis A: General 312 , pp.108-114. (10.1016/j.apcata.2006.06.034)
- James, J. et al., 2004. Preparation and properties of Ba2−xSrxSmTaO6 (x=0–2): a group of new perovskite materials. Materials Chemistry and Physics 83 (2-3), pp.328-333. (10.1016/j.matchemphys.2003.10.007)
- Meenakshisundaram, S. , Tarte, N. and Manikandan, P. 2004. Effective catalytic system of zinc-substituted polyoxometalate for cycloaddition of CO2 to epoxides. Applied Catalysis A: General 276 (1-2), pp.217-222. (10.1016/j.apcata.2004.08.008)
Ymchwil
- Datblygu strategaethau ar gyfer synthesis nanoronynnau monometalig a deumetalig a gefnogir ar gyfer cymwysiadau catalytig
- Datblygu catalydd ar gyfer defnyddio CO2 .
- Datblygu catalydd ar gyfer gwerthuso porthiant adnewyddadwy (cellwlos, hemicellulose a lignin)
- Ymchwiliad mecanyddol i brosesau catalytig gan ddefnyddio dulliau sbectrosgopig cinetig ac yn y fan a'r lle.
- Datblygu catalyddion heterogenaidd ar gyfer trawsnewidiadau sy'n draddodiadol wedi'u catalysu'n unffurf
Strategaethau Synthesis Catalydd
Yn y thema hon, mae gennym ddiddordeb mewn datblygu strategaethau syml ac effeithiol ar gyfer synthesis o gatalyddion sy'n seiliedig ar nanoronynnau monometalig a deumetalig â chymorth ar gyfer trawsnewidiadau organig amrywiol gan gynnwys ocsidiad dethol, hydrogeniad dethol / hydrogenolysis ac adweithiau trosglwyddo auto hydrogen. Yr her yw paratoi'r catalyddion hyn gyda rheolaeth fanwl gywir dros faint, cyfansoddiad a nanostrwythur / siâp trwy diwnio'r paramedrau synthesis. Rydym yn dylunio methodolegau newydd trwy gyfuno agweddau ar wyddoniaeth berthnasol, nanodechnoleg a nodweddu catalydd. Mewn rhan arall o'r thema hon, ein nod yw dylunio catalyddion heterogenaidd sy'n weithredol, yn sefydlog ac yn ddetholus ar gyfer y trawsnewidiadau organig uchod.
Cyfeirnodau
- Paalanen, et al. Gwyddoniaeth a Thechnoleg Catalysis, 3 (2013) 2869.
- Sankar et al. ACS Nano 6 (2012) 6600.
- Sankar et al. Chemistry: A European Journal. 17 (2011) 6524.
- Macino et al. Catalysis Natur 3 (2020) 683.
Porthiant Adnewyddadwy
Yn y thema hon, ein nod yw datblygu systemau catalytig (metel a gefnogir, ocsidau metel cymysg, polyoxometalates, zeolites, hybrid anorganig-organig) ar gyfer gwerthuso deunyddiau adnewyddadwy fel CO2, cydrannau biomas lignocellulosic (cellwlos, hemicellulose a lignin). Ar gyfer yr adweithiau valorisation CO2, ein nod yw datblygu catalyddion heterogenaidd ar gyfer synthesis (a) carbonadau cylchol o epocsidau a CO2, (b) trawsesterification carbonadau cylchol i baratoi carbonad dimethyl a glycolau a (c) synthesis o polycarbonadau o epocsidau a CO2.
Cyfeirnodau
- Patent yr Unol Daleithiau: 6,924,379, Patent Indiaidd (Roddwyd).
- Sankar et al. Catalysis Cymhwysol A: Cyffredinol 276 (2004) 217.
- Sankar et al. ChemSusChem 3 (2010) 575.
- Luo et al. Cyfathrebu Natur 6 (2015) 6540.
- Mitchell et al. Gwyddoniaeth a Thechnoleg Catalysis 11 (2021) 779.
- Mitchell et al. Faraday Discussions (2021) - Yn y Wasg
Ymchwiliad Mecanistaidd
Yn y thema hon, rydym yn defnyddio methodolegau sbectroscopig, cinetig ar y safle i ddeall mecanwaith adweithiau catalytig (adweithiau ocsideiddio, hydrogeniad a hydrogen trosglwyddo auto). Rydym yn defnyddio'r wybodaeth hon yn rhaglen datblygu catalydd i ddylunio catalyddion mwy gweithredol a dethol. Er enghraifft, gwnaethom ddefnyddio dull sbectrosgopig EPR i ddeall y rheswm y tu ôl i ffurfio bron i 99% o benzaldehyd yn ystod ocsidiad aerobig dewisol catalytig alcohol benzyl er gwaethaf y ffaith bod benzaldehyde yn ocsideiddio'n hawdd i asid benzoic ar dymheredd ystafell mewn aer. Canfuom fod olion alcohol benzyl (swbstrad) yn atal ocsidiad benzaldehyd trwy ddiffodd y radicaliaid yn ddetholus (Ffigur isod).
Cyfeirnodau
- Sankar et al., Cyfathrebu Natur, 5 (2014), 3332.
- Nowicka et al., Ffiseg Gemegol Ffisegol, 15 (2013) 12147.
- Sankar et al., Faraday Discussions, 145 (2010) 341.
I gael rhagor o wybodaeth am brosiectau penodol sydd ar gael gyda Dr Sankar Meenakshisundaram, adolygwch adran Catalysis a gwyddoniaeth ryngwyneb ein themâu prosiect ymchwil.
Addysgu
Arweinydd y Modiwl
CH5150 - Cyflwyniad i Gemeg Werdd a Chynaliadwy
Darlithydd
CH3411 - Deunyddiau Catalytig ar gyfer Cemeg Werdd
Modiwlau Ymarferol
CH5210 - Labordai Cemeg Bellach
Bywgraffiad
B. Sc. mewn Cemeg, Coleg Sant Xavier, Tirunelveli, India (1998), M.Sc. mewn Cemeg, Y Coleg Americanaidd, Madurai, India (2001), PhD mewn Catalysis Heterogenaidd, Labordy Cemegol Cenedlaethol, Pune, India (2007, Dr. P. Manikandan), Cydymaith Ymchwil Ôl-ddoethurol, Prifysgol Caerdydd, y DU (2007-2011, Yr Athro Graham J. Hutchings FRS), Marie-Curie Cymrawd Ymchwil Ryng-Ewropeaidd, Prifysgol Utrecht, Yr Iseldiroedd (2011-2013, Yr Athro B. M. Weckhuysen), Cymrawd Ymchwil y Brifysgol, Sefydliad Catalysis Caerdydd, Ysgol Cemeg Prifysgol Caerdydd (2014 - 2019), Darlithydd mewn Cemeg Ffisegol (2019 - 2023), Uwch Ddarlithydd (2023 - hyd y dyddiad) Sefydliad Catalysis Caerdydd, Ysgol Cemeg, Prifysgol Caerdydd .
Anrhydeddau a gwobrau
- Cymrodoriaeth Ymchwil Iau ac Uwch (2002) gan y Cyngor Ymchwil Gwyddonol a Diwydiannol (CSIR), India ar gyfer Ymchwil PhD.
- Darlithyddiaeth (2001) gan y Cyngor Ymchwil Gwyddonol a Diwydiannol (CSIR), India.
- Cymrodoriaeth Ewropeaidd Marie Curie ar gyfer Datblygu Gyrfa (2011) gan yr Asiantaeth Ymchwil, FP-7.
- Cydymaith Ymchwil er Anrhydedd (2011-2014), Prifysgol Caerdydd, y DU.
- Cymrodoriaeth Ymchwil y Brifysgol (2014) gan Brifysgol Caerdydd, y DU.
Anrhydeddau a dyfarniadau
- Junior & Senior Research Fellowship (2002) by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), India for PhD Research.
- Lectureship (2001) by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), India.
- Marie Curie Intra European Fellowship for Career Development (2011) by the Research Executive Agency, FP-7.
- Honorary Research Associate (2011-2014), Cardiff University, UK.
- Chancellor's Research Fellowship (2014) by the Cardiff Catalysis Institute, Cardiff University, UK.
Meysydd goruchwyliaeth
I am interested in supervising PhD students in the areas of
- Supported Metal Nanoparticles for Selective Organic Transformations (Oxidation, Hydrogenation).
- Heterogeneous Catalysts for CO2 conversion to value added products.
- Supported Single - Atom Catalysts for Selective Organic Transformations (Oxidation, Hydrogenation).
- Fundamental Understanding of Catalyst Synthesis.
- Catalytic Biomass Conversion.
Goruchwyliaeth gyfredol
Chijuka Obayi
Petru Kanyaro
Prosiectau'r gorffennol
Dr. Susana Guadix Montero
https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/125611/
Dr. Claire Mitchell
https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/133537/
Dr. Maha Alreshidi
https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/162778/
Dr. Heba Alsharif
https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/166757/
Dr. Kennedy Jones
https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/168559/
Dr. Lifeng Xiao
https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/169848/
Dr. Saleha Maashi
https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/189331/
News articles
Contact Details
[email protected]
+44 29208 75748
Y Ganolfan Ymchwil Drosiadol, Llawr 3, Ystafell 3.16, Heol Maindy, Cathays, Caerdydd, CF24 4HQ
+44 29208 75748
Y Ganolfan Ymchwil Drosiadol, Llawr 3, Ystafell 3.16, Heol Maindy, Cathays, Caerdydd, CF24 4HQ
Themâu ymchwil
Arbenigeddau
- Nanotechnoleg
- Catalysis Heterogenaidd
- Trosi CO2
- Trosi biomas
- Cynhyrchu cynaliadwy o gemegau a thanwyddau
