Yr Athro David Watkinson

2024

• Kennedy, C. et al. 2024. Beyond heritage science: A review. Heritage 7(3), pp. 1510-1538. (10.3390/heritage7030073)

2023

• Smith, W., Watkinson, D., Emmerson, N., Lankester, P., Thickett, D. and Leins, I. 2023. Comparative assessment of paint systems for use on heritage artillery at coastal forts in England: experimental design and interim report. Conservar Patrimonio 44, pp. 174-186. (10.14568/cp29444)

2022

• Thickett, D., Emmerson, N., Larsen, R., Odlyha, M. and Watkinson, D. 2022. Analysing objects to tailor environmental preventive conservation. Heritage 6(1), pp. 212-235. (10.3390/heritage6010011)
• Manti, P. and Watkinson, D. 2022. Corrosion phenomena and patina on archaeological low-tin wrought bronzes: New data. Journal of Cultural Heritage 55, pp. 158-170. (10.1016/j.culher.2022.03.004)
• Thunberg, J., Watkinson, D., Emmerson, N., Kis, Z., Harsanyi, I., Zsolt, K. and Lewis, M. 2022. The role of patina on archaeological copper alloy coins in the outbreak and progression of bronze disease. Presented at: Metal 2022: 10th Interim Meeting of the ICOM-CC Metals Working Group, Helsinki, Finland, 5-9 September 2022.
• Meehan, P., Emmerson, N. and Watkinson, D. 2022. A comparison of the long-term outdoor performance of two modern paint coating systems and a traditional lead-based paint applied to historic wrought iron. Presented at: Metal 2022: 10th Interim Meeting of the ICOM-CC Metals Working Group, Helsinki, Finland, 5 - 9 September 2022.
• Emmerson, N., Watkinson, D., Roche, K., Seifert, J. and Thunberg, J. 2022. The effect of βFeOOH synthesis routes on its ability to corrode iron. Presented at: Metal 2022: 10th Interim Meeting of the ICOM-CC Metals Working Group, Helsinki, Finland, 5 - 9 September 2022.

2021

• Emmerson, N. J., Seifert, J. H. and Watkinson, D. E. 2021. Refining the use of oxygen consumption as a proxy corrosion rate measure for archaeological and historic iron. European Physical Journal Plus 135, article number: 546. (10.1140/epjp/s13360-021-01478-w)
• Thunberg, J., Watkinson, D. and Emmerson, N. 2021. Desiccated microclimates for heritage metals: creation and management. Studies in Conservation 66(3), pp. 127-153. (10.1080/00393630.2020.1799599)

2020

• Thunberg, J., Emmerson, N. and Watkinson, D. 2020. The role of relative humidity in the corrosion rate of copper in the presence of cuprous chloride: a risk-based approach. Presented at: European Corrosion Congress 2020, Virtual, 7-11 September 2020.
• Nasanen, L., Watkinson, D. and Emmerson, N. 2020. The impact of pH and temperature on copper corrosion products in subcritical conditions: delivering insight into the treatment of archaeological copper alloys. Presented at: European Corrosion Congress 2020, Virtual, 7-11 September 2020.
• Watkinson, D., Smith, W. and Emmerson, N. 2020. Removal of copper corrosion products from archaeological copper alloys using a Q-switch Nd:YAG 1064 laser: impact on selected corrosion products. Presented at: European Corrosion Congress 2020, Virtual, 7-11 September 2020.
• Emmerson, N., Thunberg, J. and Watkinson, D. 2020. New guidelines for the desiccated storage of archaeological metal artefacts. Presented at: 48th AIC/SPNHC Joint Virtual Annual Meeting 2020, Virtual, 21 May - 230 June 2021.

2019

• Watkinson, D., Crepeau, M. and Emmerson, N. 2019. Evidencing risk to inform best practice: the limitations of detecting tinning layers by visual analysis during the removal of corrosion from archaeological iron. Presented at: Metal 2019: Interim Meeting of the ICOM-CC Metals Working Group, Neuchatel, Switzerland, 2-6 September 2019.
• Emmerson, N., Watkinson, D. and Thunberg, J. 2019. Flame cleaning of historic wrought iron: practitioner methods and their impact on oxide morphologies and post-treatment corrosion rates. Presented at: Metal 2019: Interim Meeting of the ICOM-CC Metals Working Group, Neuchatel, Switzerland, 2-6 September 2019.
• Watkinson, D. E., Rimmer, M. B. and Emmerson, N. J. 2019. The Influence of relative humidity and intrinsic chloride on post-excavation corrosion rates of archaeological wrought iron. Studies in Conservation 64(8), pp. 456-471. (10.1080/00393630.2018.1565006)
• Watkinson, D. and Emmerson, N. 2019. Desiccated corrosion control of the 324 feet long wrought iron hull of ss Great Britain: theory and operational realities 10 years on. Presented at: European Corrosion Congress 2019, Seville, Spain, 9-13 September 2019.
• Emmerson, N., Roche, K. and Watkinson, D. 2019. Synthesised and naturally formed Akaganéite: impact on the corrosion of iron. Presented at: European Corrosion Congress 2019, Seville, Spain, 9-13 September 2019.

2018

• Thunberg, J., Emmerson, N. and Watkinson, D. 2018. Evidencing best practice in post-excavation and long-term storage protocols for archaeological iron. Presented at: European Corrosion Congress 2018, Krakow, Poland, 9-13 September 2018.
• Emmerson, N., James, S., Thunberg, J. and Watkinson, D. 2018. Impact of NaOH (aq) short-term washing of βFeOOH on its ability to corrode iron. Presented at: European Corrosion Congress 2018, Krakow, Poland, 9-13 September 2018.

2017

• Watkinson, D., Emmerson, N. and Seifert, J. 2017. Matching display relative humidity to corrosion rate: Quantitative evidence for marine cast iron cannon balls. Presented at: Metal 2016: Interim Meeting of the ICOM-CC Metals Working Group, New Dehli, India, 26-30 September 2016 Presented at Menon, R. ed.Metal 2016 Proceedings of the Interim Meeting of the ICOM-CC Metals Working Group September 26-30, 2016 New Delhi India. ICOM-CC and IGNCA pp. 195-202.
• Nasanen, L., Kasprzok, L., Crette, S., Gonzalez-Pereyra, N. and Watkinson, D. 2017. Feasibility of subcritical fluid technology to stabilize archaeological copper alloy artifacts.. Presented at: Metal 2016: Interim Meeting of the ICOM-CC Metals Working Group, New Delhi, India, 26-30 September 2016 Presented at Menon, R., Chemello, C. and Pandya, A. eds.Metal 2016 Proceedings of the Interim Meeting of the ICOM-CC Metals Working Group September 26-30, 2016 New Delhi India.
• Watkinson, D. E. and Emmerson, N. J. 2017. The impact of aqueous washing on the ability of βFeOOH to corrode iron. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 24, pp. 2138-2149. (10.1007/s11356-016-6749-3)
• Emmerson, N., Watkinson, D. and Gkouma, A. 2017. Investigation of the natural plant extract Emblica officinalis for chloride release from βFeOOH. Presented at: European Corrosion Congress 2017, Prague, Czech Republic, 3-7 September 2017.
• Watkinson, D., Emmerson, N. and Channell, I. 2017. Towards quantitatively assessing the success of dodecanoic acid as an inhibitor for the treatment of archaeological iron nails. Presented at: European Corrosion Congress 2017, Prague, Czech Republic, 3-7 September 2017.

2016

• Emmerson, N. and Watkinson, D. 2016. Surface preparation of historic wrought iron. Materials and Corrosion 67(2), pp. 176-189. (10.1002/maco.201408210)
• Emmerson, N. J. and Watkinson, D. E. 2016. Surface preparation of historic wrought iron: evidencing the requirement for standardisation. Materials and Corrosion / Werkstoffe und Korrosion 67(2), pp. 176-189. (10.1002/maco.201408210)
• Emmerson, N. and Watkinson, D. 2016. Impact of washed naturally formed and synthetic β-FeOOH on corrosion rate of iron as a function of relative humidity. Presented at: European Corrosion Congress 2016, Montpellier, France, 11-15 September 2016.
• Watkinson, D., Emmerson, N. and Seifert, J. 2016. Corrosion rates of marine archaeological cast iron as a function of relative humidity and treatment. Presented at: European Corrosion Congress 2016, Montpellier, France, 11-15 September 2016.

2015

• Watkinson, D. and Emmerson, N. 2015. Using quantitative and qualitative analysis to inform management protocols for the preservation of archaeological ironwork. Presented at: EuroAnalysis 2015, Bordeaux, France, 6-10 September 2015.
• Lawson, A., Emmerson, N. and Watkinson, D. 2015. Quantitative testing of corrosion rates of heritage steel coated with Paraloid B72™, Cosmolloid 80H™ and Siliglide 10™. Presented at: European Corrosion Congress 2015, Graz, Austria, 6-10 September 2015.

2014

• Watkinson, D. and Rimmer, M. 2014. Quantifying effectiveness of chloride desalination treatments for archaeological iron using oxygen measurement. Presented at: Metal 2013 Edinburgh, Scotland. Interim meeting of the international Council of Museums Committee for Conservation Metal Working Group, Edinburgh, UK, 16-20 September 2013 Presented at Hyslop, E. et al. eds.METAL 2013: Interim Meeting of the ICOM-CC Metal Working Group, Conference Proceedings, 16-20 September 2013, Edinburgh, Scotland. Edinburgh: Historic Scotland pp. 95-102.
• Emmerson, N. and Watkinson, D. 2014. Preparing historic wrought iron for protective coatings: quantitative assessment to produce evidence-based protocols. Presented at: Metal 2013 Edinburgh, Scotland. Interim meeting of the international Council of Museums Committee for Conservation Metal Working Group, Edinburgh, UK, 16-20 September 2013 Presented at Hislop, E. et al. eds.Metal 2013 Edinburgh, Scotland. Interim meeting of the international Council of Museums Committee for Conservation Metal Working Group. Edinburgh: Historic Scotland pp. 119-127.
• Emmerson, N., Nordgren, E. and Watkinson, D. 2014. Mill scale on historic wrought iron: impact on corrosion and coating performance. Presented at: European Corrosion Congress 2014, Pisa, Italy, 8-12 September 2014.
• Emmerson, N. and Watkinson, D. 2014. Protective coatings for historic wrought iron: epoxy resins versus oil-based systems. Presented at: European Corrosion Congress 2014, Pisa, Italy, 8-12 September 2014.

2013

• Watkinson, D., Rimmer, M., Kasztovszky, Z., Kis, Z., Maróti, B. and Szentmiklósi, L. 2013. The use of neutron analysis techniques for detecting the concentration and distribution of chloride ions in archaeological iron. Archaeometry n/a (10.1111/arcm.12058)
• Rimmer, M., Watkinson, D. and Wang, Q. 2013. The impact of chloride desalination on the corrosion rate of archaeological iron. Studies in Conservation 58(4), pp. 326-337. (10.1179/2047058412Y.0000000068)
• Rimmer, M., Watkinson, D. and Wang, Q. 2013. The impact of chloride desalination on the corrosion rate of archaeological iron. Studies in Conservation 58(4), pp. 326-337. (10.1179/2047058412Y.0000000068)
• Watkinson, D., Rimmer, M. and Kergourlay, F. 2013. Alkaline desalination techniques for archaeological iron. In: Dillmann, P. et al. eds. Corrosion and Conservation of Cultural Heritage Metallic Artefacts. European Federation of Corrosion (EFC) Series Vol. 65. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing, pp. 407-433.
• Dillmann, P. et al. eds. 2013. Corrosion and conservation of cultural heritage metallic artifacts. European Federation of Corrosion Series Vol. 65. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing.
• Watkinson, D. 2013. Conservation, corrosion science and evidence-based preservation strategies for metallic heritage artefacts. In: Dillmann, P. et al. eds. Corrosion and Conservation of Cultural Heritage Metallic Artifacts. European Federation of Corrosion (EFC) Series Vol. 65. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing, pp. 9-36.
• Rimmer, M., Thickett, D., Watkinson, D. and Ganiaris, H. 2013. Guidelines for the storage and display of archaeological metalwork. Technical Report.

2012

• Malea, E., Vogiatzi, T. and Watkinson, D. 2012. Assessing the physical condition of waterlogged archaeological leather. Presented at: Proceedings of the 11th ICOM-CC Group on Wet Organic Archaeological Materials Conferenence, Greenville, North Carolina, USA, 24 - 28 May 2010Proceedings of the 11th ICOM Group on Wet Organic Archaeological Materials Conference, Greenville, NC 2010. ICOM-CC Working Group on Wet Organic Archaeological Materials pp. 571-595.
• Rimmer, M., Watkinson, D. and Wang, Q. 2012. The efficiency of chloride extraction from archaeological iron objects using deoxygenated alkaline solutions. Studies in Conservation 57(1), pp. 29-41. (10.1179/2047058411Y.0000000005)

2011

• Rimmer, M. and Watkinson, D. 2011. Residues of alkaline sulphite treatment and their effects on the corrosion of archaeological iron objects. Presented at: METAL 2010, Charleston, SC, USA, 11-15 October 2010 Presented at Mardikian, P. et al. eds.METAL 2010: Proceedings of the Interim Meeting of the ICOM-CC Metal Working Group. Clemson, SC: Clemson University pp. 16-22.
• Manti, P., Henderson, J. and Watkinson, D. 2011. Reflective practice in conservation education. Presented at: ICOM-CC 16th Triennial Conference, Lisbon, Portugal, 19-23 September 2011 Presented at Bridgland, J. ed.ICOM-CC 16th Triennial Conference: preprints, Lisbon, Portugal, 19-23 September 2011. London: The International Council of Museums – Committee for Conservation
• Manti, P. and Watkinson, D. 2011. Hot-tinning of low tin bronzes. Presented at: Metal 2010 : Proceedings of the Interim Meeting of the ICOM-CC Metal Working Group, Charleston, SC, USA, 11-15 October 2010 Presented at Mardikian, P. et al. eds.Metal 2010 : Proceedings of the Interim Meeting of the ICOM-CC Metal Working Group, October 11-15, 2010, Charleston, South Carolina, USA. Charleston, SC, USA: ICOM-CC, Clemson University pp. 92-98.

2010

• Watkinson, D. 2010. Measuring effectiveness of washing methods for corrosion control of archaeological iron: problems and challenges. Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology 45(5), pp. 400-406. (10.1179/147842210X12754747500801)
• Parkes, P. and Watkinson, D. 2010. Computed tomography and X-radiography of a coffin from Dynasty 21/22. Presented at: Decorated Surfaces on Ancient Egyptian Objects: Technology, Deterioration and Conservation, Cambridge, UK, 7-8 September 2007Decorated Surfaces on Ancient Egyptian Objects: Technology, Deterioration and Conservation. London: Archetype Publications Ltd pp. 58-66.
• Watkinson, D. 2010. Preservation of metallic cultural heritage. In: Cottis, R. A. ed. Shreir's Corrosion. 4th ed.., Vol. 4. London: Elsevier, pp. 3307-3340., (10.1016/B978-044452787-5.00172-4)

2009

• Manti, P. and Watkinson, D. 2009. From Homer to hoplite: scientific investigations of Greek copper alloy helmets. Presented at: International Symposium Science and Technology in Homeric Epics, Olympia, Greece, 27-30 August 2006 Presented at Paipetis, S. A. ed.Science and Technology in Homeric Epics. History of Mechanism and Machine Science Vol. 6. London: Springer Science Publications pp. 167-179., (10.1007/978-1-4020-8784-4_12)

2008

• Watkinson, D. 2008. ss Great Britain: science and technology underpin enclosure design. In: Henderson, J. ed. Conservation Matters in Wales, On Display: Showcases and Enclosures. Federation of Museums and Art Galleries Wales and National Museums Wales, pp. 13-17.
• Watkinson, D. and Al-Zahrani, A. 2008. Towards quantified assessment of aqueous chloride extraction methods for archaeological iron: De-oxygenated treatment environments. The Conservator 31(1), pp. 75-86. (10.1080/01410096.2008.9995234)
• Watkinson, D. E. 2008. ss Great Britain: conservation and access - synergy and cost. Presented at: Conservation and access, London UK, 15-19 September 2008 Presented at Saunders, G., Townsend, J. and Woodcock, S. eds.Conservation and Access; contributions to the London Congress 15-19 September 2008. London: International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works pp. 109-114.
• Watkinson, D. and Lewis, M. 2008. Dessicated storage of chloride contaminated iron: a study of the effects of loss of environmental control. In: May, E., Jones, M. and Mitchell, J. eds. Heritage Microbiology and Science: Microbes, Monuments and Maritime Materials. (Special Publication 315). Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, pp. 279-292.

2007

• Manti, P. and Watkinson, D. 2007. Examination of Greek bronze helmets: sampling and project design. Presented at: ICOM-CC Metal Working Group International Triennial Meeting (Metal 07), Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 17-21 September 2007 Presented at Degrigny, C. et al. eds.Metal 07: Proceedings of the ICOM-CC Metal Working Group International Triennial Meeting. Amsterdam, 17-21 September 2007. Amsterdam: ICOM-CC, Rijksmuseum pp. 78-82.

2006

• Watkinson, D. and Pavlopoulou, L. 2006. The degradation of oil painted copper surfaces. Reviews in Conservation 7, pp. 55-65.

2005

• Watkinson, D., Anheuser, K. and Weber, L. 2005. Staining of archaeological glass from manganese-rich environments. Archaeometry 47(1), pp. 69-82. (10.1111/j.1475-4754.2005.00188.x)
• Watkinson, D. and Lewis, M. T. 2005. Desiccated storage of chloride-contaminated archaeological iron objects. Studies in Conservation 50, pp. 241-252.
• Watkinson, D. and Lewis, M. T. 2005. The role of âFeOOH in the corrosion of archaeological iron. Presented at: Symposium OO: Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology VII, Boston, MA, USA, 28 November – 2 December 2004 Presented at Vandiver, P., Mass, J. L. and Murray, A. eds.Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology VII. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings Vol. 852. Materials Research Society, (10.1557/PROC-852-OO1.6)

2004

• Watkinson, D. and Lewis, M. T. 2004. ss Great Britain iron hull: modelling corrosion to define storage relative humidity. Presented at: Metal 04: Proceedings of the International Conference on Metals Conservation, Canberra, 4-8 October 2004.