![Philip Butler](https://profiles-cardiff.imgix.net/attachments/6685?w=200&h=200&auto=format&crop=faces&fit=crop&q=90")
Overview
Research summary
I am interested in human factors, especially those associated with the command of emergencies or disasters. This includes human error, expertise, experience, decision making, situation awareness, teamwork, leadership, communication, stress and resilience. As well as the ergonomics of an emergency service commander’s working environment and how they might impact upon performance of the role.
Undergraduate education
2011 - 15 BSc Psychology, Birkbeck College, London University
Postgraduate education
2015-2016 MSc Social Science Research Methods, Cardiff University
2016 – present PhD Psychology, Cardiff University
Awards/External Committees
2017 Cardiff University Innovation in Policy Award
2017 Cardiff University People’s Choice Innovation and Impact Award
Employment
1984 – 1990 Dorset Fire Brigade
1990 – 2015 London Fire Brigade
Publication
2024
- McLennan, J., Hayes, P., Bearman, C., Penney, G., Butler, P. and Flin, R. 2024. Training to improve emergency management decision-making: what the research literature tells us. Australian Journal of Emergency Management 39(4), pp. 33-45. (10.47389/39.4.33)
- Penney, G., Bearman, C., Hayes, P., McLennan, J., Butler, P. and Flin, R. 2024. A review of cognitive aids and their application to emergency management in Australia. Australian Journal of Emergency Management 39(4), pp. 13-22. (10.47389/39.4.13)
- Butler, P., Flin, R., Bearman, C., Hayes, P., Penney, G. and McLennan, J. 2024. Emergency management decision-making in a changing world: 3 key challenges. Australian Journal of Emergency Management 39(4), pp. 23-32. (10.47389/39.4.23)
2023
- Butler, P. C., Bowers, A., Smith, A. P., Cohen-Hatton, S. R. and Honey, R. C. 2023. Decision making within and outside standard operating procedures: Paradoxical use of operational discretion in firefighters. Human Factors 65(7), pp. 1422-1434. (10.1177/00187208211041860)
2021
- Butler, P. C. 2021. Development and evaluation of a behavioural marker system for UK fire and rescue service incident commanders. PhD Thesis, Cardiff University.
- Hayes, P., Bearman, C., Butler, P. and Owen, C. 2021. Non-technical skills for emergency incident management teams: A literature review. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management 29(2), pp. 185-203. (10.1111/1468-5973.12341)
2020
- Butler, P. C., Honey, R. and Cohen-Hatton, S. R. 2020. Development of a behavioral marker system for incident command in the UK Fire and Rescue Service: THINCS. Cognition, Technology and Work 22(1), pp. 1-12. (10.1007/s10111-019-00539-6)
- Butler, P. 2020. THe INcident Command Skills (THINCS) system: a users’ guide for UK fire and rescue service. Manual. Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom: Cardiff University.
2015
- Cohen-Hatton, S. R., Butler, P. C. and Honey, R. C. 2015. An investigation of operational decision making in situ: Incident command in the UK Fire and Rescue Service. Human Factors 57(5), pp. 793-804. (10.1177/0018720815578266)
Articles
- McLennan, J., Hayes, P., Bearman, C., Penney, G., Butler, P. and Flin, R. 2024. Training to improve emergency management decision-making: what the research literature tells us. Australian Journal of Emergency Management 39(4), pp. 33-45. (10.47389/39.4.33)
- Penney, G., Bearman, C., Hayes, P., McLennan, J., Butler, P. and Flin, R. 2024. A review of cognitive aids and their application to emergency management in Australia. Australian Journal of Emergency Management 39(4), pp. 13-22. (10.47389/39.4.13)
- Butler, P., Flin, R., Bearman, C., Hayes, P., Penney, G. and McLennan, J. 2024. Emergency management decision-making in a changing world: 3 key challenges. Australian Journal of Emergency Management 39(4), pp. 23-32. (10.47389/39.4.23)
- Butler, P. C., Bowers, A., Smith, A. P., Cohen-Hatton, S. R. and Honey, R. C. 2023. Decision making within and outside standard operating procedures: Paradoxical use of operational discretion in firefighters. Human Factors 65(7), pp. 1422-1434. (10.1177/00187208211041860)
- Hayes, P., Bearman, C., Butler, P. and Owen, C. 2021. Non-technical skills for emergency incident management teams: A literature review. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management 29(2), pp. 185-203. (10.1111/1468-5973.12341)
- Butler, P. C., Honey, R. and Cohen-Hatton, S. R. 2020. Development of a behavioral marker system for incident command in the UK Fire and Rescue Service: THINCS. Cognition, Technology and Work 22(1), pp. 1-12. (10.1007/s10111-019-00539-6)
- Cohen-Hatton, S. R., Butler, P. C. and Honey, R. C. 2015. An investigation of operational decision making in situ: Incident command in the UK Fire and Rescue Service. Human Factors 57(5), pp. 793-804. (10.1177/0018720815578266)
Monographs
- Butler, P. 2020. THe INcident Command Skills (THINCS) system: a users’ guide for UK fire and rescue service. Manual. Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom: Cardiff University.
Thesis
- Butler, P. C. 2021. Development and evaluation of a behavioural marker system for UK fire and rescue service incident commanders. PhD Thesis, Cardiff University.
Research
Research interests
Research topics and related papers
- Decision making of UK Fire and Rescue Service (FRS) incident commanders
- Non-technical skills of UK FRS incident commanders
- Behavioural marker system for UK FRS incident commanders
- Stress and resilience and how they influence UK FRS incident command
My research has concentrated on the UK Fire and Rescue Service (FRS) and the psychology of incident command. I have conducted research focused on incident commanders’ decision making. The study included 6 different FRSs and involved the use of helmet cameras on incident commanders when in charge of real emergencies. Subsequent interviews were conducted using the helmet camera footage to aid recall and probe them about the cognitive skills they used. An analysis of the interview transcriptions identified a distinct pattern of decision making, which was not in accordance with the extant UK FRS decision making model. The research subsequently influenced the revision of that model.
I have led a research project supported by the National Fire Chiefs Council (NFCC) that identified the non-technical, command skills of UK FRS incident commanders. These are the social, cognitive and personal skills that are essential for safe and effective performance (e.g. leadership, personal resilience, and decision making).
My next research project developed THe INcident Command Skills (THINCS) behavioural marker system, including a THINCS app (funded by the ESRC), based upon the identified non-technical command skills. THINCS measures their performance by incident commanders in training and operational environments. A major evaluation project followed as part of an internship with the NFCC, which was funded by the Fire Service Research and Training Trust, and involved 7 UK FRSs.
I am currently leading a project to identify the how stress and personal resilience effect FRS incident command. Most stress-related research involving the UK FRS concentrates on firefighters and their mental health or how posttraumatic stress affects them. It does not focus exclusively on the stressors associated the role of incident commander. A key area of interest is how stress and personal resilience influence decision making.
Funding
2015-20 ESRC 1+3 MSc and PhD
2017-18 ESRC: THINCS App
2018-19 Fire Service Research and Training Trust: National Fire Chiefs Council Internship
Research group
Perception and Action
Research collaborators
Dr Sabrina Cohen-Hatton, Cardiff University
Prof. Rob Honey, Cardiff University