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Dr Alison Paul
Senior Lecturer in Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry
- Available for postgraduate supervision
Overview
- Polymer mediated drug-delivery systems
- Polymer-drug and polymer-protein conjugates
- Polymer excipients for inhalation drug delivery from hydrofluoroalkanes (HFAs)
- Physicochemical characterisation of macromolecules in solution
- Relationships between molecular structure, solution conformation and therapeutic function.
- Formulation in colloidal systems
- Emulsions, microemulsions and particle suspensions
- Self-assembling systems, including functionalised surfactants
For more information, click on the 'Research' tab above.
Links
See Also: Soft Matter Research Group
Publication
2023
- Young, T. B. et al. 2023. Chemically recyclable fluorescent polyesters via the ring-opening copolymerization of epoxides and anhydrides. Polymer Chemistry (10.1039/D3PY00209H)
2022
- Fernández, Y. et al. 2022. In vivo Antitumor and ametastatic efficacy of a polyacetal-based paclitaxel conjugate for prostate cancer therapy. Advanced Healthcare Materials 11(7), article number: 2101544. (10.1002/adhm.202101544)
2021
- Jones, C. L., Hughes, C. E., Yeung, H. H., Paul, A., Harris, K. D. M. and Easun, T. L. 2021. Exploiting in-situ NMR to monitor the formation of a metal-organic framework. Chemical Science 12(4), pp. 1486-1494. (10.1039/D0SC04892E)
2018
- Paul, A., Fallis, I. A., Stokes, E., King, S. M. and Griffiths, P. C. 2018. Structural evolution in metallomicroemulsions – the effect of increasing alcohol hydrophobicity. Dalton Transactions 47(40), pp. 14211-14217. (10.1039/C8DT02031K)
- Arroyo-Crespo, J. J. et al. 2018. Anticancer activity driven by drug linker modification in a polyglutamic acid-based combination-drug conjugate. Advanced Functional Materials 28(22), article number: 1800931. (10.1002/adfm.201800931)
2017
- Hossain, M., Wray, D., Paul, A. and Griffiths, P. 2017. Probing the surfaces of core-shell and hollow nanoparticles by solvent relaxation NMR. Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry 56(4), pp. 251-256. (10.1002/mrc.4707)
- Gardner, D., Herbert, D., Jayaprakash, M., Jefferson, A. and Paul, A. 2017. Capillary flow characteristics of an autogenic and autonomic healing agent for self-healing concrete. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 29(11), pp. 171-184. (10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002092)
- Duro-Castano, A. et al. 2017. Capturing "extraordinary" soft-assembled charge-like polypeptides as a strategy for nanocarrier design. Advanced Materials 29(39), article number: 1702888. (10.1002/adma.201702888)
- Powell, A. et al. 2017. Do model polymer therapeutics sufficiently diffuse through articular cartilage to be a viable therapeutic route?. Journal of Drug Targeting 25(9-10), pp. 919-926. (10.1080/1061186X.2017.1378660)
- Paul, A. et al. 2017. Laboratory evaluation of a novel anaesthesia delivery device. Anaesthesia 72(1), pp. 63-72. (10.1111/anae.13625)
2016
- Jones, N., Lourenço, S. D. and Paul, A. 2016. Testing surfactants as additives for clay improvement: compaction and suction effects. E3S Web of Conferences 9, article number: 13006. (10.1051/e3sconf/20160913006)
- Salama, I. E. and Paul, A. 2016. Emulsions of fluorinated oils stabilised by fluorinated silica nanoparticles. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 494, pp. 125-138. (10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.01.012)
- Et-Tarhouni, Z., Carter, E., Murphy, D. M., Griffiths, P. C., Mansour, O. T., King, S. M. and Paul, A. 2016. Quantifying the micellar structure formed from hydrocarbon-fluorocarbon surfactants. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physiochemical and Engineering Aspects 492, pp. 255-262. (10.1016/j.colsurfa.2015.12.015)
2015
- Salama, I. E., Jenkins, C. L., Davies, A., Clark, J. N., Wilkes, A. R., Hall, J. E. and Paul, A. 2015. Volatile fluorinated nanoemulsions: a chemical route to controlled delivery of inhalation anesthesia. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 440, pp. 78-83. (10.1016/j.jcis.2014.10.021)
- Conejos-Sanchez, I. et al. 2015. Polymer-doxycycline conjugates as fibril disrupters: An approach towards the treatment of a rare amyloidotic disease. Journal of Controlled Release 198, pp. 80-90. (10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.12.003)
2014
- Hurcom, J., Paul, A., Heenan, R. K., Davies, A. M., Woodman, N., Schweins, R. and Griffiths, P. C. 2014. The interfacial structure of polymeric surfactant stabilised air-in-water foams. Soft Matter 10(17), pp. 3003-3008. (10.1039/C3SM52877D)
- Paul, A., Wilkes, A., Salama, I., Goodwin, N. and Hall, J. 2014. Laboratory evaluation of a novel anaesthesia delivery device [Abstract]. British Journal of Anaesthesia 112(1), pp. 189P-190P. (10.1093/bja/aet373)
- Meleshko, G., Kulhavy, J., Paul, A., Willock, D. J. and Platts, J. A. 2014. All-atom molecular dynamics simulation of HPMA polymers. RSC Advances 4(14), pp. 7003-7012. (10.1039/c3ra46386a)
2013
- Morris, K. L. et al. 2013. Chemically programmed self-sorting of gelator networks. Nature Communications 4, article number: 1480. (10.1038/ncomms2499)
2012
- Giménez, V., James, C., Armiñán, A., Schweins, R., Paul, A. and Vicent, M. J. 2012. Demonstrating the importance of polymer-conjugate conformation in solution on its therapeutic output: Diethylstilbestrol (DES)-polyacetals as prostate cancer treatment. Journal of Controlled Release 159(2), pp. 290-301. (10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.12.035)
2011
- Griffiths, P. C., Paul, A., Apostolovic, B., Klok, H., De Luca, E., King, S. M. and Heenan, R. K. 2011. Conformational consequences of cooperative binding of a coiled-coil peptide motif to poly(N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide) HPMA copolymers. Journal of Controlled Release 153(2), pp. 173-179. (10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.03.030)
- Chen, L. et al. 2011. Tuneable mechanical properties in low molecular weight gels. Soft Matter 7(20), pp. 9721-9727. (10.1039/c1sm05827d)
- Yasayan, G. et al. 2011. Responsive hybrid block co-polymer conjugates of proteins-controlled architecture to modulate substrate specificity and solution behaviour. Polymer Chemistry 2(7), pp. 1567-1578. (10.1039/c1py00128k)
- Jangher, A., Griffiths, P. C., Paul, A., King, S. M., Heenan, R. K. and Schweins, R. 2011. Polymeric micelle disruption by cosolvents and anionic surfactants. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 391(1-3), pp. 88-94. (10.1016/j.colsurfa.2011.08.006)
- Mohamed, A. et al. 2011. Low Fluorine Content CO2-philic Surfactants. Langmuir 27(17), pp. 10562-10569. (10.1021/la2021885)
2010
- Paul, A. et al. 2010. A contrast variation small-angle scattering study of the microstructure of 2,5-dimethyl-7-hydroxy-2,5-diazaheptadecane-toluene-butanol oil-in-water metallomicroemulsions. Soft Matter 6(11), pp. 2552-2556. (10.1039/b926812j)
- Griffiths, P. C. et al. 2010. Structure-property relationships in metallosurfactants. Soft Matter 6(9), pp. 1981-1989. (10.1039/b920143b)
- Paul, A., Talbot, G. L., Bowles, J. W., James, J., Griffiths, P. C. and Rogueda, P. G. 2010. Partitioning and phase equilibria of PEGylated excipients in fluorinated liquids. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 387(1-2), pp. 230-235. (10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.12.004)
- Griffiths, P. C. et al. 2010. Gelation or molecular recognition; is the bis-(α,β-dihydroxy ester)s motif an omnigelator?. Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 6, pp. 1079-1088. (10.3762/bjoc.6.123)
- Paul, A., James, C., Heenan, R. K. and Schweins, R. 2010. Drug mimic induced conformational changes in model polymer-drug conjugates characterized by small-angle neutron scattering. Biomacromolecules 11(8), pp. 1978-1982. (10.1021/bm1003338)
2007
- Paul, A., Griffiths, P. C., Pettersson, E., Stilbs, P., Bales, B. L., Zana, R. and Heenan, R. K. 2007. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Small-Angle Neutron Scattering Studies of Anionic Surfactants with Macrocounterions: Tetramethylammonium Dodecyl Sulfate. Journal of Physical Chemistry B 109(33), pp. 15775-15779. (10.1021/jp050597a)
- Paul, A., Vicent, M. J. and Duncan, R. 2007. Using Small-Angle Neutron Scattering to Study the Solution Conformation of N-(2-Hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide Copolymer-Doxorubicin Conjugates. Biomacromolecules 8(5), pp. 1573-1579. (10.1021/bm060925s)
- Griffiths, P. C. et al. 2007. Derivatizing weak polyelectrolytes-Solution properties, self-aggregation, and association with anionic surfaces of hydrophobically modified poly(ethylene imine). Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 314(2), pp. 460-469. (10.1016/j.jcis.2007.05.082)
2005
- Paul, A., Griffiths, P. C. and Rogueda, P. G. 2005. Explaining the Phase Behaviour of the Pharmaceutically Relevant Polymers Poly(Ethylene Glycol) and Poly(Vinyl Pyrrolidone) in Semi-Fluorinated Liquids. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 57(11), pp. 1383-1388. (10.1211/jpp.57.11.0002)
2004
- Griffiths, P. C. et al. 2004. The Structure of Metallomicelles. Chemistry - A European Journal 10(8), pp. 2022-2028. (10.1002/chem.200305670)
- Griffiths, P. C., Paul, A., Penfold, J., Heenan, R. K., Ranganathan, R. and Bales, B. L. 2004. Role of Counterion Concentration in Determining Micelle Aggregation: Evaluation of the Combination of Constraints from Small-Angle Neutron Scattering, Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, and Time-Resolved Fluorescence Quenching. Journal of Physical Chemistry B 108(12), pp. 3810-3816. (10.1021/jp0371478)
- Griffiths, P. C. et al. 2004. Small-Angle Neutron Scattering, Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, Electrophoretic NMR, and Time-Resolved Fluorescence Quenching Studies of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate and Tetra(ethylene oxide) Dodecyl Ether Mixed Surfactant Micelles. Journal of Physical Chemistry B 108(4), pp. 1351-1356. (10.1021/jp035276i)
2001
- Kerr, M. P. et al. 2001. Clinical guidelines for the management of epilepsy in adults with an intellectual disability. SEIZURE EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF EPILEPSY 10(6), pp. 401-409.
- Eastoe, J. et al. 2001. Micellization of Hydrocarbon Surfactants in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. Journal of the American Chemical Society 123(5), pp. 988-989. (10.1021/ja005795o)
Articles
- Young, T. B. et al. 2023. Chemically recyclable fluorescent polyesters via the ring-opening copolymerization of epoxides and anhydrides. Polymer Chemistry (10.1039/D3PY00209H)
- Fernández, Y. et al. 2022. In vivo Antitumor and ametastatic efficacy of a polyacetal-based paclitaxel conjugate for prostate cancer therapy. Advanced Healthcare Materials 11(7), article number: 2101544. (10.1002/adhm.202101544)
- Jones, C. L., Hughes, C. E., Yeung, H. H., Paul, A., Harris, K. D. M. and Easun, T. L. 2021. Exploiting in-situ NMR to monitor the formation of a metal-organic framework. Chemical Science 12(4), pp. 1486-1494. (10.1039/D0SC04892E)
- Paul, A., Fallis, I. A., Stokes, E., King, S. M. and Griffiths, P. C. 2018. Structural evolution in metallomicroemulsions – the effect of increasing alcohol hydrophobicity. Dalton Transactions 47(40), pp. 14211-14217. (10.1039/C8DT02031K)
- Arroyo-Crespo, J. J. et al. 2018. Anticancer activity driven by drug linker modification in a polyglutamic acid-based combination-drug conjugate. Advanced Functional Materials 28(22), article number: 1800931. (10.1002/adfm.201800931)
- Hossain, M., Wray, D., Paul, A. and Griffiths, P. 2017. Probing the surfaces of core-shell and hollow nanoparticles by solvent relaxation NMR. Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry 56(4), pp. 251-256. (10.1002/mrc.4707)
- Gardner, D., Herbert, D., Jayaprakash, M., Jefferson, A. and Paul, A. 2017. Capillary flow characteristics of an autogenic and autonomic healing agent for self-healing concrete. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 29(11), pp. 171-184. (10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002092)
- Duro-Castano, A. et al. 2017. Capturing "extraordinary" soft-assembled charge-like polypeptides as a strategy for nanocarrier design. Advanced Materials 29(39), article number: 1702888. (10.1002/adma.201702888)
- Powell, A. et al. 2017. Do model polymer therapeutics sufficiently diffuse through articular cartilage to be a viable therapeutic route?. Journal of Drug Targeting 25(9-10), pp. 919-926. (10.1080/1061186X.2017.1378660)
- Paul, A. et al. 2017. Laboratory evaluation of a novel anaesthesia delivery device. Anaesthesia 72(1), pp. 63-72. (10.1111/anae.13625)
- Jones, N., Lourenço, S. D. and Paul, A. 2016. Testing surfactants as additives for clay improvement: compaction and suction effects. E3S Web of Conferences 9, article number: 13006. (10.1051/e3sconf/20160913006)
- Salama, I. E. and Paul, A. 2016. Emulsions of fluorinated oils stabilised by fluorinated silica nanoparticles. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 494, pp. 125-138. (10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.01.012)
- Et-Tarhouni, Z., Carter, E., Murphy, D. M., Griffiths, P. C., Mansour, O. T., King, S. M. and Paul, A. 2016. Quantifying the micellar structure formed from hydrocarbon-fluorocarbon surfactants. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physiochemical and Engineering Aspects 492, pp. 255-262. (10.1016/j.colsurfa.2015.12.015)
- Salama, I. E., Jenkins, C. L., Davies, A., Clark, J. N., Wilkes, A. R., Hall, J. E. and Paul, A. 2015. Volatile fluorinated nanoemulsions: a chemical route to controlled delivery of inhalation anesthesia. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 440, pp. 78-83. (10.1016/j.jcis.2014.10.021)
- Conejos-Sanchez, I. et al. 2015. Polymer-doxycycline conjugates as fibril disrupters: An approach towards the treatment of a rare amyloidotic disease. Journal of Controlled Release 198, pp. 80-90. (10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.12.003)
- Hurcom, J., Paul, A., Heenan, R. K., Davies, A. M., Woodman, N., Schweins, R. and Griffiths, P. C. 2014. The interfacial structure of polymeric surfactant stabilised air-in-water foams. Soft Matter 10(17), pp. 3003-3008. (10.1039/C3SM52877D)
- Paul, A., Wilkes, A., Salama, I., Goodwin, N. and Hall, J. 2014. Laboratory evaluation of a novel anaesthesia delivery device [Abstract]. British Journal of Anaesthesia 112(1), pp. 189P-190P. (10.1093/bja/aet373)
- Meleshko, G., Kulhavy, J., Paul, A., Willock, D. J. and Platts, J. A. 2014. All-atom molecular dynamics simulation of HPMA polymers. RSC Advances 4(14), pp. 7003-7012. (10.1039/c3ra46386a)
- Morris, K. L. et al. 2013. Chemically programmed self-sorting of gelator networks. Nature Communications 4, article number: 1480. (10.1038/ncomms2499)
- Giménez, V., James, C., Armiñán, A., Schweins, R., Paul, A. and Vicent, M. J. 2012. Demonstrating the importance of polymer-conjugate conformation in solution on its therapeutic output: Diethylstilbestrol (DES)-polyacetals as prostate cancer treatment. Journal of Controlled Release 159(2), pp. 290-301. (10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.12.035)
- Griffiths, P. C., Paul, A., Apostolovic, B., Klok, H., De Luca, E., King, S. M. and Heenan, R. K. 2011. Conformational consequences of cooperative binding of a coiled-coil peptide motif to poly(N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide) HPMA copolymers. Journal of Controlled Release 153(2), pp. 173-179. (10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.03.030)
- Chen, L. et al. 2011. Tuneable mechanical properties in low molecular weight gels. Soft Matter 7(20), pp. 9721-9727. (10.1039/c1sm05827d)
- Yasayan, G. et al. 2011. Responsive hybrid block co-polymer conjugates of proteins-controlled architecture to modulate substrate specificity and solution behaviour. Polymer Chemistry 2(7), pp. 1567-1578. (10.1039/c1py00128k)
- Jangher, A., Griffiths, P. C., Paul, A., King, S. M., Heenan, R. K. and Schweins, R. 2011. Polymeric micelle disruption by cosolvents and anionic surfactants. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 391(1-3), pp. 88-94. (10.1016/j.colsurfa.2011.08.006)
- Mohamed, A. et al. 2011. Low Fluorine Content CO2-philic Surfactants. Langmuir 27(17), pp. 10562-10569. (10.1021/la2021885)
- Paul, A. et al. 2010. A contrast variation small-angle scattering study of the microstructure of 2,5-dimethyl-7-hydroxy-2,5-diazaheptadecane-toluene-butanol oil-in-water metallomicroemulsions. Soft Matter 6(11), pp. 2552-2556. (10.1039/b926812j)
- Griffiths, P. C. et al. 2010. Structure-property relationships in metallosurfactants. Soft Matter 6(9), pp. 1981-1989. (10.1039/b920143b)
- Paul, A., Talbot, G. L., Bowles, J. W., James, J., Griffiths, P. C. and Rogueda, P. G. 2010. Partitioning and phase equilibria of PEGylated excipients in fluorinated liquids. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 387(1-2), pp. 230-235. (10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.12.004)
- Griffiths, P. C. et al. 2010. Gelation or molecular recognition; is the bis-(α,β-dihydroxy ester)s motif an omnigelator?. Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 6, pp. 1079-1088. (10.3762/bjoc.6.123)
- Paul, A., James, C., Heenan, R. K. and Schweins, R. 2010. Drug mimic induced conformational changes in model polymer-drug conjugates characterized by small-angle neutron scattering. Biomacromolecules 11(8), pp. 1978-1982. (10.1021/bm1003338)
- Paul, A., Griffiths, P. C., Pettersson, E., Stilbs, P., Bales, B. L., Zana, R. and Heenan, R. K. 2007. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Small-Angle Neutron Scattering Studies of Anionic Surfactants with Macrocounterions: Tetramethylammonium Dodecyl Sulfate. Journal of Physical Chemistry B 109(33), pp. 15775-15779. (10.1021/jp050597a)
- Paul, A., Vicent, M. J. and Duncan, R. 2007. Using Small-Angle Neutron Scattering to Study the Solution Conformation of N-(2-Hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide Copolymer-Doxorubicin Conjugates. Biomacromolecules 8(5), pp. 1573-1579. (10.1021/bm060925s)
- Griffiths, P. C. et al. 2007. Derivatizing weak polyelectrolytes-Solution properties, self-aggregation, and association with anionic surfaces of hydrophobically modified poly(ethylene imine). Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 314(2), pp. 460-469. (10.1016/j.jcis.2007.05.082)
- Paul, A., Griffiths, P. C. and Rogueda, P. G. 2005. Explaining the Phase Behaviour of the Pharmaceutically Relevant Polymers Poly(Ethylene Glycol) and Poly(Vinyl Pyrrolidone) in Semi-Fluorinated Liquids. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 57(11), pp. 1383-1388. (10.1211/jpp.57.11.0002)
- Griffiths, P. C. et al. 2004. The Structure of Metallomicelles. Chemistry - A European Journal 10(8), pp. 2022-2028. (10.1002/chem.200305670)
- Griffiths, P. C., Paul, A., Penfold, J., Heenan, R. K., Ranganathan, R. and Bales, B. L. 2004. Role of Counterion Concentration in Determining Micelle Aggregation: Evaluation of the Combination of Constraints from Small-Angle Neutron Scattering, Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, and Time-Resolved Fluorescence Quenching. Journal of Physical Chemistry B 108(12), pp. 3810-3816. (10.1021/jp0371478)
- Griffiths, P. C. et al. 2004. Small-Angle Neutron Scattering, Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, Electrophoretic NMR, and Time-Resolved Fluorescence Quenching Studies of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate and Tetra(ethylene oxide) Dodecyl Ether Mixed Surfactant Micelles. Journal of Physical Chemistry B 108(4), pp. 1351-1356. (10.1021/jp035276i)
- Kerr, M. P. et al. 2001. Clinical guidelines for the management of epilepsy in adults with an intellectual disability. SEIZURE EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF EPILEPSY 10(6), pp. 401-409.
- Eastoe, J. et al. 2001. Micellization of Hydrocarbon Surfactants in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. Journal of the American Chemical Society 123(5), pp. 988-989. (10.1021/ja005795o)
Research
- Polymer mediated drug-delivery systems
- Polymer-drug and polymer-protein conjugates
- Polymer excipients for inhalation drug delivery from hydrofluoroalkanes (HFAs)
- Physicochemical characterisation of macromolecules in solution
- Relationships between molecular structure, solution conformation and therapeutic function.
- Formulation in colloidal systems
- Emulsions, microemulsions and particle suspensions
- Self-assembling systems, including functionalised surfactants
Our aim is to enhance understanding of interactions in pharmaceutical formulations, particularly the stabilising interactions between polymer molecules and fluorinated solvents (such as those used in pressurised metered-dose inhalers (pMDIs)), and also how polymer based drug delivery systems behave and interact within the body. To this end we study multi-component solutions designed to mimic the conditions encountered in the biological environment. This approach allows us to identify correlations between molecular architecture, solution behaviour and therapeutic activity. This in turn will facilitate the targeted design of future drug-delivery systems building on the structure-activity relationships developed.
Projects include the targeted synthesis of both model and therapeutically relevant polymer-drug and polymer-protein conjugates, and their extensive characterisation by NMR, UV-VIS/IR/fluorescence spectroscopy. Solution properties are studied by two dimensional NMR methods (relaxation and diffusion), neutron/light/X-ray scattering and reflection, including experiments at central facilities such as the Rutherford Appleton Laboratories, Oxford, UK and Institut-Laue-Langevin, Grenoble, France.
We also work collaboratively with UK and internationally based colleagues in pharmacy, dentistry, optometry, drug development, medicine, theoretical chemistry and physics.
Teaching
CH0002 Thermodynamics, Kinetics and Equilibria
CH3105 Techniques and Methods in Chemistry
CH3205 Thermodynamics and Kinetics
CH3407 Advanced Materials
Biography
PhD University of Bristol (2001, J. Eastoe). Postdoctoral Research Associate, Cardiff University (2001-3). Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm (2003-4). Postdoctoral Research Fellow, University of Bristol (2004-5). Senior Research Fellow & Project Manager Cardiff University (2005-6). Appointed as Lecturer in Physical Chemistry, Cardiff, in 2006.
Committees and reviewing
- Executive Board - Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair Learning
- Research Committee (Chair) - Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair Learning