Dr Thomas Vaughan-Johnston
(he/him)
PhD
- Available for postgraduate supervision
Teams and roles for Thomas Vaughan-Johnston
Lecturer
Overview
I study the psychology of persuasion with a special focus on vocal properties: how the emotions and confidence we project through our voice influence the effectiveness of communication. My research investigates when vocal cues like confidence or emotional tone help or hinder persuasion, exploring the complex interplay between how something is said and how it’s received.
A core thread of my work examines individual differences, especially how people’s motivation to maintain neutral, non-extreme attitudes shapes their responses to information and persuasive messages. Understanding this motivation reveals why some audiences resist polarization and how messages can be tailored for greater impact across diverse mindsets.
Additional lines of inquiry include:
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When does projecting higher vocal confidence actually work against persuasion?
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How does matching vocal affect (e.g., sounding sad) to message affect influence credibility and persuasion outcomes?
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People’s beliefs about the causal importance of self-esteem (self-esteem importance) and how these beliefs affect behavior and receptivity to influence.
By integrating vocal communication, personality psychology, and lay beliefs about the self, my research provides actionable insights for crafting persuasive messages that resonate across varied audiences and contexts.
Publication
2025
- Vaughan-Johnston, T. I., Fowlie, D. I., Wallace, L. E., Susmann, M. W. and Fabrigar, L. R. 2025. The preference for attitude neutrality. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 154(4), pp. 1038-1062. (10.1037/xge0001703)
- Guyer, J. J., Vaughan-Johnston, T. I., Fabrigar, L. R., Paredes, B., Briñol, P. and Shen, M. 2025. Vocal speed and processing of persuasive messages: Curvilinear processing effects. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 49, pp. 171-203. (10.1007/s10919-024-00477-6)
2024
- Vaughan-Johnston, T. I., Guyer, J. J., Lawrence, K. L. and Fabrigar, L. R. 2024. Disclosure and identification information increase the benefits of stealing thunder. Social Influence 20(1), article number: 2447273. (10.1080/15534510.2024.2447273)
- Vaughan-Johnston, T. I., Imtiaz, F., Patro, G. A., Shang, S. X., Fabrigar, L. and Ji, L. 2024. Recruitment strategies bias sampling and shape replicability. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (10.1177/01461672241293504)
- Vaughan-Johnston, T., Guyer, J. J., Fabrigar, L. R., Lamprinakos, G. and Briñol, P. 2024. Falling vocal intonation signals speaker confidence and conditionally boosts persuasion. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (10.1177/01461672241262180)
- Vaughan-Johnston, T. I., Imtiaz, F., Ji, L., Hanif, R., Fowlie, D. I. and Jacobson, J. A. 2024. Comparing self-esteem discrepancies in Pakistan and Canada. Asian Journal of Social Psychology 27(2), pp. 231-247. (10.1111/ajsp.12592)
- Imtiaz, F., Vaughan-Johnston, T. and Ji, L. 2024. Motivation and age revisited: The impact of outcome and process orientations on temporal focus in older and younger adults. Journal of Ageing and Longevity 4(2), pp. 140-155. (10.3390/jal4020010)
- Vaughan-Johnston, T. I. 2024. Hypocrisy judgments are affected by target attitude strength and attitude moralization. European Journal of Social Psychology 54(2), pp. 397-414. (10.1002/ejsp.3018)
- Vaughan-Johnston, T. I., Nguyen, A. and Jacobson, J. A. 2024. A surprising lack of consequences when constraining language. Frontiers in Psychology 2, article number: 1260974. (10.3389/frsps.2024.1260974)
2023
- Guyer, J., Brinol, P., Vaughan-Johnston, T., Fabrigar, L., Moreno, L., Paredes, B. and Petty, R. 2023. Pitch as a recipient, channel, and context factor affecting thought reliance and persuasion. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (10.1177/01461672231197547)
Articles
- Vaughan-Johnston, T. I., Fowlie, D. I., Wallace, L. E., Susmann, M. W. and Fabrigar, L. R. 2025. The preference for attitude neutrality. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 154(4), pp. 1038-1062. (10.1037/xge0001703)
- Guyer, J. J., Vaughan-Johnston, T. I., Fabrigar, L. R., Paredes, B., Briñol, P. and Shen, M. 2025. Vocal speed and processing of persuasive messages: Curvilinear processing effects. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 49, pp. 171-203. (10.1007/s10919-024-00477-6)
- Vaughan-Johnston, T. I., Guyer, J. J., Lawrence, K. L. and Fabrigar, L. R. 2024. Disclosure and identification information increase the benefits of stealing thunder. Social Influence 20(1), article number: 2447273. (10.1080/15534510.2024.2447273)
- Vaughan-Johnston, T. I., Imtiaz, F., Patro, G. A., Shang, S. X., Fabrigar, L. and Ji, L. 2024. Recruitment strategies bias sampling and shape replicability. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (10.1177/01461672241293504)
- Vaughan-Johnston, T., Guyer, J. J., Fabrigar, L. R., Lamprinakos, G. and Briñol, P. 2024. Falling vocal intonation signals speaker confidence and conditionally boosts persuasion. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (10.1177/01461672241262180)
- Vaughan-Johnston, T. I., Imtiaz, F., Ji, L., Hanif, R., Fowlie, D. I. and Jacobson, J. A. 2024. Comparing self-esteem discrepancies in Pakistan and Canada. Asian Journal of Social Psychology 27(2), pp. 231-247. (10.1111/ajsp.12592)
- Imtiaz, F., Vaughan-Johnston, T. and Ji, L. 2024. Motivation and age revisited: The impact of outcome and process orientations on temporal focus in older and younger adults. Journal of Ageing and Longevity 4(2), pp. 140-155. (10.3390/jal4020010)
- Vaughan-Johnston, T. I. 2024. Hypocrisy judgments are affected by target attitude strength and attitude moralization. European Journal of Social Psychology 54(2), pp. 397-414. (10.1002/ejsp.3018)
- Vaughan-Johnston, T. I., Nguyen, A. and Jacobson, J. A. 2024. A surprising lack of consequences when constraining language. Frontiers in Psychology 2, article number: 1260974. (10.3389/frsps.2024.1260974)
- Guyer, J., Brinol, P., Vaughan-Johnston, T., Fabrigar, L., Moreno, L., Paredes, B. and Petty, R. 2023. Pitch as a recipient, channel, and context factor affecting thought reliance and persuasion. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (10.1177/01461672231197547)
Research
Attitudes
Vocal dimensions and persuasion
Along with Drs. Fabrigar and Guyer, I have been investigating different aspects of the voice and their implications for attitude change. Specifically, different aspects of the voice such as vocal intonation (rising versus falling), speed (slow versus fast), and pitch (low versus high) have implications for attitude change, such as informing perceptions of the source's confidence.
Related Research Articles
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Vocal (and other sources of) pitch influences thought confidence in some surprising ways (Guyer, Briñol, Vaughan-Johnston, et al., 2025 - PSPB)
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Curvilinear patterns of vocal speed relating to persuasion-related processing, with mechanism data (Guyer, Vaughan-Johnston, et al., 2025 - JNVB)
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The relation of falling (vs rising) vocal intonation to persuasion-related processing (Vaughan-Johnston et al., 2024 - PSPB)
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A novel theory accounting for vocal affect's relationship with persuasion (Vaughan-Johnston et al., 2021 - JNVB)
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A review of how vocal confidence (and particularly pitch) influences persuasion through multiple processes (Guyer, Briñol, Vaughan-Johnston, et al., 2021- JNVB)
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Vocal affect in affective persuasive messages (Guyer, Fabrigar, Vaughan-Johnston, et al., 2018 - JESP)
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Vocal confidence has several routes to influencing persuasion (Guyer, Fabrigar, & Vaughan-Johnston, 2019 - PSPB)
Desired attitudes
People may view some attitudes as beliefs that they believe they ought or or would ideally hold ("desired attitudes"). However, the antecedents of these desired attitudes are less well understood, and many of the targets of these desires (e.g., a desire to hold generally neutral attitudes) remain under-examined. I am examining how we might (de)activate desired attitudes, using paradigms inspired by self-discrepancy, cognitive dissonance, and self-persuasion theories.
Related Research Articles
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A novel construct, neutrality preference, captures individual differences in people's bias for neutral-valenced information (Vaughan-Johnston et al., 2025 - JEP:G)
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Desired attitudes can shape actual attitude change (even without new information) (Vaughan-Johnston et al., 2023 - JESP)
Self and Self-Regulation
Self-esteem Importance
How might beliefs about self-esteem influence how powerful of a role self-esteem actually plays in individuals' mental lives? Along with Dr. Jill Jacobson, I have developed a scale of self-esteem importance that measures beliefs about self-esteem. Self-esteem importance (i) affects how people react emotionally to gaining/losing self-esteem, (ii) orients individuals towards self-enhancing and self-protective behaviours, and (iii) shapes adolescents' and young adults' peer defending behaviors in bullying episodes.
Related Research Articles
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Manipulated self-esteem importance increases emotional reactions to evaluative feedback about oneself (Vaughan-Johnston & Jacobson, 2021 - C&E)
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Self-esteem importance is related to a desire for self-enhancement (Vaughan-Johnston & Jacobson, 2021 - PAID)
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Self-esteem importance is related to defending behaviors and prosocial intentions among adults and adolescents (Vaughan-Johnston et al., 2020 - S&I)
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Self-esteem importance is linked with social sensitivity - bigger positive/negative reactions to acceptance/rejection. We also find that self-esteem importance has substantial test-retest reliability, and that women (vs men) and Euro-Canadians (vs Asian-Canadians) endorse these beliefs more (Vaughan-Johnston & Jacobson, 2021 - PAID).
Introversion/extroversion and self-esteem.
It is widely understood that extraverts have higher self-esteem than introverts, but less clearly established why this relationship exists. How might introverts and extraverts differ in their use of self-esteem maintenance tactics? We find that extraverts are not "generically" better at obtaining self-esteem from strategies, but specifically excel in gaining self-esteem from social comparisons, particularly because they see themselves as more similar to their peers (than do introverts), and similarity is a prerequisite for meaningful comparison.
Related Research Articles
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Downward social comparison produces more self-esteem for extraverts than for introverts (Vaughan-Johnston et al., 2021 - PSPB)
Experiential avoidance.
Experiential avoidance measures such as the AAQ-2 and MEAQ have become popular in clinical and social-personality circles. Experiential avoidance is the attempt to suppress, avoid, or downplay 'internal experiences' such as emotions and uncomfortable thoughts; it has been widely understood as an individual difference. However, previous studies have shown its problematic overlap with more parsimonious constructs, and it is unclear whether it has sustainable incremental validity from mood and attachment measures. We are examining experiential avoidance's incremental validity in the context of stressful / emotionally provocative scenarios.
Related Research Articles
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Experiential avoidance interferes with acceptance-based emotion regulation (Vaughan-Johnston et al., 2020 - JRP)
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Experiential avoidance as a thought-biasing variable (Quickert, Vaughan-Johnston, & MacDonald, 2020 - PAID)
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Experiential avoidance - incremental validity (Vaughan-Johnston, Quickert, & MacDonald, 2016 - PAID)
Teaching
Teaching
Present Teaching Roles
I serve as module coordinator and primary lecturer for core undergraduate courses, achieving consistently strong student feedback (e.g., 4.5/5 overall satisfaction for Thinking About Human Behaviour in 2024/25). My role includes designing assessments, delivering lectures, leading seminars, and providing pastoral support for this module.
I also presently deliver six "double lectures" in Social Psychology, covering prejudice/stereotyping, emotions, and conformity/obedience, all areas that align with my research expertise.
Beyond formal teaching, I regularly supervise undergraduate, master’s, and doctoral research, guiding students through every stage of the research process from conceptualisation to dissemination. Several of these projects have developed into publishable work.
Teaching Experiences
In previous roles, I have taught across the full undergraduate and postgraduate spectrum, with a particular focus on social and developmental psychology, behavioural science, and the application of psychological principles to real-world issues. This experience has included large introductory lectures, advanced specialist topics, and small-group tutorials, engaging students at every stage of their academic journey.
Undergraduate: Introductory psychology, developmental and social psychology, advanced topics in social psychology, and conceptual issues in behavioural science.
Postgraduate: Advanced topics in behavioural science, and power and influence in social contexts.
I have also co-coordinated large modules, contributed to interdisciplinary teaching, and designed resources to support student learning, such as supplementary readings, quizzes, and interactive activities, often cited in student feedback as particularly valuable.
Across these courses, I combined clear explanation with interactive activities, such as collaborative discussions, structured debates, and technology-assisted engagement, encouraging students to think critically and apply concepts beyond the classroom.
Academic Affiliations Involving Teaching Roles
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Cardiff University – Lecturer (Assistant Professor) in Social Psychology (2023–present)
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Durham University – Lecturer (Assistant Professor) in Social Psychology (2021–2023)
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Queen’s University, Canada – Graduate Instructor and Teaching Assistant (2014–2021)
Relevant Training and Expertise
My teaching draws on a decade of experience in higher education across the UK and Canada, supported by formal pedagogical training and extensive public speaking experience. I bring to the classroom:
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Expertise in social and personality psychology, persuasion, attitudes, and communication.
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Experience designing and evaluating inclusive learning environments.
- Teaching innovation including creative exercises, incorporating quizzes into lectures, and other novelties I will be trialing in the 25/26 academic year.
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Engagement with wider educational practice, including invited workshops on authentic listening and teaching oracy.
Student Feedback and Approach
Student feedback consistently highlights my clarity, organisation, approachability, and enthusiasm. Comments frequently note my efforts to provide accessible learning materials, adapt to diverse needs, and create an inclusive classroom environment. I see teaching not just as the transfer of knowledge, but as the fostering of curiosity, independence, and critical thinking: qualities that prepare students for both academic and professional success.
Biography
- Cardiff University – Lecturer (Assistant Professor) in Social Psychology (2023–present)
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Durham University – Lecturer (Assistant Professor) in Social Psychology (2021–2023)
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Queen’s University, Canada – Graduate Instructor and Teaching Assistant (2014–2021)
Honours and awards
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2025 | Small Research Grant (co-investigator) | BA/Leverhulme. £10,000
“The two faces of ambivalence: Unmasking cross-cultural differences in social perceptions of dispositional attitudinal ambivalence." PI: Prof. Geoff Haddock. - 2023-2025 | Research Accelerator Award (co-investigator) | Durham University | £10,000, awarded twice.
“Shy bairns get nowt: Articulacy, the curriculum, and beyond: an interdisciplinary collaboration on empowering communication.” PI: Prof. Arlene Holmes Henderson. - 2018-2021 | SSHRC CGS-Doctoral | Social Sciences & Humanities Research Council | £22,000 x 3 years
- 2017-2018 | Ontario Graduate Scholarship | Ontario Provincial Government | £6,000 x 1 year
- 2015-2026 | SSHRC CGS-Masters | Social Sciences & Humanities Research Council | £6,000 x 1 year
Supervisions
- Persuasion, especially involving properties of the voice, and the role of individual differences (e.g., how people's lay beliefs, personality, social identities, affect responses to persuasion).
- Self-enhancement and self-esteem.
- Methods, such as how replication success is shaped by methodological choices made by original and replication researchers.
Current supervision

Benedict Holden
Contact Details
Research themes
Specialisms
- Public Attitudes
- Self
- Personality and individual differences
- Social and personality psychology